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CAS No. :	65995-63-3
Formula :	C₄₈H₂₈O₃₀
M.W :	1084.72
SMILES Code :	OC(O1)[C@H](OC(C2=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C2C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(O4)=O)=O)[C@@H]4[C@H](OC(C5=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C5C6=C(O)C(O)=C7C8=C6C(OC9=C(O)C(O)=C(C(C(O7)=O)=C89)C%10=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C%10%11)=O)=O)[C@H]1COC%11=O
MDL No. :	MFCD09838017

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302-H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:	P261-P305+P351+P338

THP-1 cells	50 µM	12 hours	PUN upregulated AhR expression in THP-1 cells.	Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Oct 3;22(1):473.
Mouse peritoneal macrophages	50 µM	12 hours	PUN alone or in combination with LPS upregulated AhR expression, with the combination being more potent.	Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Oct 3;22(1):473.
Bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEECs)	5, 10, 20 µg/ml	2 hours pretreatment followed by LPS stimulation for 12 hours	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of punicalagin on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Results showed that punicalagin significantly reduced mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.	J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017 Jun;18(6):481-491.
ARPE-19 cells	10 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the protective effect of PUN against UV-A radiation-induced oxidative damage. PUN pre-treatment significantly increased cell viability, reduced ROS levels, and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jun 2;9(6):473.
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)	30 μg/mL	24 hours	To assess the ability of LAB to transform punicalagin into bioactive molecules such as ellagic acid. Results showed all tested LAB strains could convert punicalagin into ellagic acid, but no biosynthesis of urolithins was observed.	J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Dec 28;70(51):16273-16285.
RAW264.7 macrophages	12.5, 25, 50 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of punicalagin on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that punicalagin significantly inhibited LPS-induced release of NO and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 release at the highest concentration, and inhibited NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.	Nutrients. 2019 Nov 15;11(11):2794.
Mouse chondrocytes	50 μg/mL	24 hours	To evaluate the effect of Punicalagin on chondrocyte viability, results showed that Punicalagin at 50 μg/mL had no significant cytotoxicity within 24 hours and reversed TBHP-induced decrease in cell viability	Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020 Dec 15;14:5521-5533.
Human U87MG glioma cells	1-30 µg/mL	24 or 48 hours	Punicalagin dose-dependently inhibited cell viability, associated with increased cyclin E levels and decreased cyclin B and A levels.	Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2013 Nov;34(11):1411-9.
CCD 841 (normal colon epithelial cells)	0–100 µg/mL	24, 48, 72 hours	To assess the toxicity of PU on normal cells. Results showed PU did not induce significant cytotoxicity on CCD 841 cells.	Nutrients. 2020 Aug 13;12(8):2430.
VeroE6 cells	0, 50, 100 µM	30 minutes	Evaluate the inhibitory ability of Punicalagin on the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to ACE2. Results showed Punicalagin exhibited the highest activity in inhibiting Spike-ACE2 interaction.	Elife. 2023 Aug 29;12:e84899.
NCI-H460 cells	0, 50, 100 µM	30 minutes	Evaluate the inhibitory ability of Punicalagin on the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to ACE2. Results showed Punicalagin exhibited the highest activity in inhibiting Spike-ACE2 interaction.	Elife. 2023 Aug 29;12:e84899.
293T-ACE2 cells	0, 50, 100 µM	30 minutes	Evaluate the inhibitory ability of Punicalagin on the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to ACE2. Results showed Punicalagin exhibited the highest activity in inhibiting Spike-ACE2 interaction.	Elife. 2023 Aug 29;12:e84899.
Human podocyte cell line	1.5 µM	30 minutes	Inhibited PAR2-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways, reduced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression	Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 14;21(14):4975.

NZB/W F1 mice	Lupus nephritis model	Intraperitoneal injection	0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg	3 times per week for 7 weeks	PCG significantly improved kidney injury and splenomegaly, reduced proteinuria and renal ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression	Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 14;21(14):4975.
Kunming mice	Hyperuricemia mice model	Oral gavage	100, 200, 300 mg/kg	Once daily for two weeks	To evaluate the effect of PU on hyperuricemia and its mechanisms. PU significantly decreased serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemia mice and effectively alleviated kidney and intestinal damage caused by hyperuricemia.	J Adv Res. 2025 Mar;69:449-461
C57BL/6 mice	LPS-induced inflammation model	Intraperitoneal injection	12.5 mg/kg	Single dose, lasting 12 hours	PUN increased the percentage of AhR-positive peritoneal macrophages in LPS-induced mice.	Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Oct 3;22(1):473.
Wistar albino rats	DENA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis model	Oral	18.5 mg/kg	Daily administration for 11 weeks	To investigate the chemoprevention effects of Punicalagin against DENA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Results showed that Punicalagin induced some modulation in DENA-treated rats but did not show potent chemoprevention activity and induced some side effects.	Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Nov 2;22(1):333
C57BL/6 mice	Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model	Oral gavage	20 mg/kg	Once daily for 8 weeks	To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Punicalagin on osteoarthritis in DMM model mice, results showed that Punicalagin treatment significantly alleviated cartilage degeneration and synovitis	Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020 Dec 15;14:5521-5533.
C57BL/6J mice	High-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model	Intragastric administration	20 mg/kg	Once a day for 8 weeks	Punicalagin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting pyroptosis via the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. Results showed that punicalagin significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urine albumin to creatinine ratio in diabetic mice, and alleviated symptoms of glomerular interstitial hyperplasia and glomerular hypertrophy.	Nutrients. 2020 May 22;12(5):1516
Swiss albino mice	Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity model	Oral	25 and 50 mg/kg	Once daily for 10 days	Punicalagin protects against the development of methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via activating Nrf2 signaling and decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death.	Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 15;23(20):12334
Sprague-Dawley rats	Parkinson's disease model (induced by MnCl2) and social isolation model	Oral	30 mg/kg	Once daily for 5 weeks	To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Punicalagin against Parkinson's disease and social isolation. Punicalagin significantly improved behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological changes by modulating multiple pathways (e.g., HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1, JAK-2/STAT-3, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/CREB, AMPK/SIRT-1, Nrf2/HO-1, and PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2) to mitigate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.	Pharmaceutics. 2023 Oct 4;15(10):2420

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CAS No.: 65995-63-3

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CAS No.: 65995-63-3

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Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed