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Chemical Structure| 515-13-9 Chemical Structure| 515-13-9

Structure of β-Elemene
CAS No.: 515-13-9

Chemical Structure| 515-13-9

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β-Elemene is a natural sesquiterpene found in various plants and imparts floral aromas to some plants. This compound has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of a wide range of tumors.

Synonyms: Levo-β-elemene; (-)-β-Elemene

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Product Details of β-Elemene

CAS No. :515-13-9
Formula : C15H24
M.W : 204.35
SMILES Code : C=C[C@@]1(C)[C@H](C(C)=C)C[C@H](C(C)=C)CC1
Synonyms :
Levo-β-elemene; (-)-β-Elemene
MDL No. :MFCD00468041
InChI Key :OPFTUNCRGUEPRZ-QLFBSQMISA-N
Pubchem ID :6918391

Safety of β-Elemene

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302-H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:P261-P280-P301+P312-P302+P352-P305+P351+P338

Related Pathways of β-Elemene

MAPK

Isoform Comparison

Biological Activity

In Vitro:

Cell Line
Concentration Treated Time Description References
NCI-H226 cells 10 µg/ml 24 hours Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
MSTO-211H cells 10 µg/ml 24 hours Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
U87MG cells 10 μg/mL 1 day Cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells 30 μg/mL 18 hours To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the radiosensitivity of gastric cancer cells, results showed that β-elemene pretreatment decreased clonogenic survival World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Sep 14;21(34):9945-56
MKN45 human gastric cancer cells 15 μg/mL 18 hours To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the radiosensitivity of gastric cancer cells, results showed that β-elemene pretreatment decreased clonogenic survival World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Sep 14;21(34):9945-56
DBTRG-05MG cells 10 μg/mL 2 days Induced senescence in glioma cells, with the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells significantly increased to approximately 50%. Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
C6 cells 10 μg/mL 2 days Induced senescence in glioma cells, including reduction of cell proliferation, hypertrophic morphology, increase of SA-β-Gal activity, upregulation of senescence-associated genes such as p16, p53 and NF-κB, and down-regulation of Lamin B1. Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
SPC-A-1 cells 120 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the effect of β-Elemene on the expression of lysosomal biogenesis-related genes, results showed β-Elemene significantly upregulated mRNA expression of GLA, MCOLN1, and SLC26A11. J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
NCI-H460 cells 120 μg/mL 24 hours To investigate the effect of β-Elemene on TFEB activation and lysosomal function, results showed β-Elemene significantly increased lysosomal acidification and TFEB nuclear translocation. J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
A549 cells 120 μg/mL 24 hours To observe the effect of β-Elemene on TFEB activation and GPX4 lysosomal degradation, results showed β-Elemene significantly reduced TFEB phosphorylation, promoted its nuclear translocation, and increased GPX4 lysosomal degradation. J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
HCT116p53−/− cells 40 μg/ml 24 hours Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCT116p53−/− cells and reversed their resistance to 5-Fu. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 May 8;8:378
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/mL 24 hours To detect the effect of β-elemene on microtubule polymerization, results showed that β-elemene reduced microtubule polymerization in a dose-dependent manner. Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/mL 24 hours To detect the effect of β-elemene on α-tubulin mRNA expression, results showed that β-elemene down-regulated α-tubulin mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/mL 24 hours To detect the effect of β-elemene on HepG2 cell cycle, results showed that β-elemene induced cell cycle arrest at S phase in a dose-dependent manner. Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
BV-2 cells 40 µM and 80 µM 24 hours Β-Elemene promoted the transformation of BV-2 cells from M1-like to M2-like phenotype, inhibited inflammatory factor release, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis. Chin Med. 2024 Jun 15;19(1):86
NCI-H1650 cells 50 μg/ml 24 hours To investigate the effect of β-elemene on the Warburg effect in NCI-H1650 cells and its mechanism. Results showed that β-elemene suppressed the Warburg effect by regulating the miR-301a-3p/AMPKα axis, as evidenced by decreased glucose and lactic acid levels and downregulation of metabolism-related enzymes (GLUT1, HK1, and LDHA). Biosci Rep. 2020 Jun 26;40(6):BSR20194389
CaSki cells 0.18 mg/mL 24 hours Evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on CaSki cells, showing nearly 50% inhibition at 0.18 mg/mL Int J Pharm X. 2024 Aug 13;8:100276
Hela cells 0.09 mg/mL 24 hours Evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on Hela cells, showing nearly 50% inhibition at 0.09 mg/mL Int J Pharm X. 2024 Aug 13;8:100276
RAW 264 cells 10 μg/ml 24 hours To study the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on LPS-induced inflammatory response, results showed that β-Elemene significantly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. Commun Biol. 2022 May 31;5(1):519
PP-CD11c+ DCs 1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the effects of β-elemene on the expression of TGF-β1, RALDH2, integrin αvβ8, and IL-10 in PP DCs. Results showed that β-elemene significantly increased the expression of these molecules, indicating its role in promoting Tregs generation by modulating DCs function. iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
MLN-CD11c+ DCs 1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the effects of β-elemene on the expression of TGF-β1, RALDH2, integrin αvβ8, and IL-10 in MLN DCs. Results showed that β-elemene significantly increased the expression of these molecules, indicating its role in promoting Tregs generation by modulating DCs function. iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
MAT SVCs 1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the direct anti-inflammatory effects of β-elemene on SVCs from EAT and MAT of obese mice. Results showed that β-elemene had limited effects on LPS-induced inflammation in vitro, with significant effects only at high concentration (10 μg/mL) on CCL2 expression in MAT SVCs. iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
EAT SVCs 1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the direct anti-inflammatory effects of β-elemene on SVCs from EAT and MAT of obese mice. Results showed that β-elemene had limited effects on LPS-induced inflammation in vitro, with significant effects only at high concentration (10 μg/mL) on IL-1β, TGF-β1, and IL-10 expression in EAT SVCs. iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
NRK49F cells 5-20 µM 24 hours Β-elemene inhibited TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation and expression of fiber markers in a dose-dependent manner Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 16;23(10):5553
NCI-H1650 cells 3 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the survival and apoptosis of NCI-H1650 cells. Results showed that β-elemene significantly reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis. Am J Cancer Res. 2022 Apr 15;12(4):1535-1555
A549 cells 3 μg/mL 24 hours To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the survival and apoptosis of A549 cells. Results showed that β-elemene significantly reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis. Am J Cancer Res. 2022 Apr 15;12(4):1535-1555
NCI-H1975 cells 10 µg/ml 24 hours Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
PC-9 cells 10 µg/ml 24 hours Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression and inhibited cell proliferation, wound healing, and invasion Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
A549 cells 10 µg/ml 24 hours Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression and inhibited cell proliferation, wound healing, and invasion Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 mg/mL 24, 48, 72 hours To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-elemene on HepG2 cell proliferation, results showed that β-elemene inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
MCAS cells 20-200 µg/ml 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of β-elemene on MCAS cells, showing IC50 values between 60 and 78 µg/ml. Int J Oncol. 2013 Sep;43(3):721-8
A2780/CP70 cells 20-200 µg/ml 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of β-elemene on A2780/CP70 cells, showing IC50 values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 80, 70, 68, and 65 µg/ml, respectively. Int J Oncol. 2013 Sep;43(3):721-8
A2780 cells 20-200 µg/ml 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of β-elemene on A2780 cells, showing IC50 values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 65, 65, 65, and 60 µg/ml, respectively. Int J Oncol. 2013 Sep;43(3):721-8
H1299 cells 2 mg/mL 24, 48, and 72 hours To evaluate the effects of β-Elemene on proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in NSCLC cells. Results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and induced autophagy and apoptosis. J Pharm Anal. 2024 Sep;14(9):100961
A549 cells 2 mg/mL 24, 48, and 72 hours To evaluate the effects of β-Elemene on proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in NSCLC cells. Results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and induced autophagy and apoptosis. J Pharm Anal. 2024 Sep;14(9):100961
PC9 cells 5-60 μg/ml 24-72 hours Β-Elemene inhibited PC9 cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with a maximal dose of 40 μg/ml observed at 48 hrs. J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Mar;19(3):630-41
A549 cells 5-60 μg/ml 24-72 hours Β-Elemene inhibited A549 cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with a maximal dose of 40 μg/ml observed at 48 hrs. Additionally, β-Elemene significantly increased the proportion of cells at G0/G1 phase while reducing the proportion at S phase, indicating cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Mar;19(3):630-41
Primary human airway granulation fibroblasts (PHAGF) 160 µg/mL 48 hours Inhibits PHAGF proliferation and induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by down-regulating the ILK/Akt pathway Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021 Jun 12;26(1):28
THLE2 cells 100 µg/mL 48 hours Β-Elemene showed no significant inhibition on the proliferation of normal hepatocytes THLE2. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
MHH-ES-1 cells 47.86 µg/mL (IC50) 48 hours Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of MHH-ES-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
A673 cells 38.02 µg/mL (IC50) 48 hours Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of A673 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
SU-DHL-10 cells 60 μg/ml 48 hours To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on apoptosis of DLBCL cells, the results showed that β-elemene significantly up-regulated Bax expression and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Biosci Rep. 2020 Feb 28;40(2):BSR20190804
SU-DHL-8 cells 60 μg/ml 48 hours To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on apoptosis of DLBCL cells, the results showed that β-elemene significantly up-regulated Bax expression and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Biosci Rep. 2020 Feb 28;40(2):BSR20190804
MHCCLM3 60 μg/mL 48 hours Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular platinum accumulation. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
Huh7 60 μg/mL 48 hours Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular platinum accumulation. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
Hep3B 60 μg/mL 48 hours Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular platinum accumulation. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
MHCC97H 60 μg/mL 48 hours Β-Elemene enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating the expression of copper transporter 1 (CTR1), increasing intracellular platinum accumulation and platinum-DNA adduct formation, thereby enhancing oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
Tca-8113-CDDP cells 40 μg/ml 48 hours To explore the sensitizing effect of β-Ele on cisplatin-resistant OSCC cells. The results showed that β-Ele significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity to cisplatin in Tca-8113-CDDP cells. Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Jul 31;22(1):244
Tca-8113 cells 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg/ml 48 hours To evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of β-Ele on OSCC cells. The results showed that β-Ele suppressed the growth and proliferation of Tca-8113 and Tca-8113-CDDP cells in dose-dependent manners. Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Jul 31;22(1):244
Primary human airway granulation fibroblasts 40, 80, 120, 160 μg/ml 48 hours Β-Elemene had a dose–responsive inhibitive effect on the proliferation of human airway granulation fibroblasts and didn’t affect normal human airway fibroblasts. Biosci Rep. 2018 Apr 13;38(2):BSR20171386
AGS/IR cells 100 mg/L 48 hours To evaluate the effect of β-Elemene on radiosensitivity, results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited cell growth and enhanced ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 17;15:1469180
MKN-45/IR cells 100 mg/L 48 hours To evaluate the effect of β-Elemene on radiosensitivity, results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited cell growth and enhanced ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 17;15:1469180
MCF-7 cells 5, 10, 20 and 40 µM 48 hours Β-Elemene at concentrations below 40 μmol/L did not inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cells but significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion. J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):6846-6858
MDA-MB-231 cells 5, 10, 20 and 40 µM 48 hours Β-Elemene at concentrations below 40 μmol/L did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells but significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion. J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):6846-6858
Pancreatic cancer peritoneum effusion cells 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µM 72 hours Β-Elemene suppressed the proliferation of pancreatic cancer peritoneum effusion cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 15.80±0.63 and 14.86±0.69 µM. Oncol Rep. 2019 Dec;42(6):2561-2571
BxPC3 cells 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µM 72 hours Β-Elemene suppressed the proliferation of BxPC3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 17.36±1.25 µM. Oncol Rep. 2019 Dec;42(6):2561-2571
PANC-1 cells 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µM 72 hours Β-Elemene suppressed the proliferation of PANC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 6.94±0.86 µM. Oncol Rep. 2019 Dec;42(6):2561-2571

In Vivo:

Species
Animal Model
Administration Dosage Frequency Description References
Nude mice Subcutaneous tumor model Gavage 0.2 mL per administration 36 days To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene combined with radiotherapy on tumor growth, results showed that the combination therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 17;15:1469180
C57BL/6J neonatal mice Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model Intravitreal injection 0.25 mg/ml (1 µl) Single injection, lasting 5 days (P12-P17) Β-Elemene reduced retinal neovascularization by upregulating miR-27a expression, leading to decreased VEGF expression. Mol Med Rep. 2019 Mar;19(3):2307-2316
BALB/c nude mice HCT116p53−/− xenograft model Intraperitoneal injection 100 mg/kg/d Once daily for 24 days Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the growth of HCT116p53?/? xenograft tumors and enhanced the anti-tumor effect of 5-Fu. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 May 8;8:378
BALB/C nude mice Glioma xenograft model Intraperitoneal injection 100 mg/kg/d Once daily for 23 days Β-Elemene treatment induced senescence in glioma cells through inactivation of YAP-CDK6 signaling pathway, which inhibited glioma growth. Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
NOD/SCID mice Orthotopic non-small cell lung cancer model Tail vein injection 120 mg/kg Once daily for 21 days To evaluate the antitumor effect of β-Elemene in TFEB knockout mice, results showed TFEB knockout attenuated the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on tumor growth. J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
New Zealand white rabbits Rabbit model of tracheal stenosis Local endotracheal injection 160 µg/mL Once a week for one week Inhibits airway granulation tissue hyperplasia and alleviates tracheal stenosis Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021 Jun 12;26(1):28
C57BL/6J mice MCAO model and photothrombotic stroke model Intraperitoneal injection 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg 1 hour before ischemia and 5 hours after reperfusion Β-Elemene attenuated neurological deficit, reduced the infarction volume and neuroinflammation, thus improving ischemic stroke injury. Chin Med. 2024 Jun 15;19(1):86
C57BL/6 mice Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model Intraperitoneal injection 40 mg/kg/d Once daily for 7 days Β-Elemene attenuated renal fibrosis in UUO mice by inhibition of STAT3 and Smad3 signaling Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 16;23(10):5553
BALB/C mice DLBCL xenograft model Intraperitoneal injection 45 mg/kg Once daily for 28 days To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on the growth of DLBCL xenograft, the results showed that β-Elemene significantly suppressed tumor growth, down-regulated HULC expression, up-regulated Bax expression, and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Biosci Rep. 2020 Feb 28;40(2):BSR20190804
BALB/c nude mice OSCC xenograft model Intraperitoneal injection 45 mg/kg β-Ele and/or 4 mg/kg cisplatin Every three days for 27 days To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Ele and cisplatin combination therapy on the growth of OSCC xenograft tumors. The results showed that β-Ele and cisplatin synergistically suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis, possibly by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Jul 31;22(1):244
Nude mice Orthotopic transplantation HCC model Intraperitoneal injection 45 mg/kg β-elemene and 5 mg/kg oxaliplatin Twice a week for 7 weeks Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly inhibited HCC tumor growth in nude mice by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular oxaliplatin accumulation, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor effect of oxaliplatin. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
BALB/c-nu mice A549 cell subcutaneous xenograft model Intraperitoneal injection 5 mg/kg Once daily for 7 days To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on the growth of A549 cell subcutaneous xenografts. Results showed that β-Elemene significantly suppressed tumor growth. Am J Cancer Res. 2022 Apr 15;12(4):1535-1555
BALB/c nude mice NSCLC xenograft model Oral gavage 50 mg/kg Every other day for 2 weeks Β-Elemene suppresses tumor growth by downregulating ALDH3A1 expression, reducing glucose uptake, and inhibiting glycolysis. Cell Death Dis. 2023 Sep 20;14(9):617
BALB/c nude mice Orthotopic breast cancer xenograft model Intraperitoneal injection 50 mg/kg Once daily for 21 days Β-Elemene significantly reduced metastatic foci of breast cancer in the lung and liver. J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):6846-6858
Nude mice HCC827/GR xenograft model Intravenous injection 50 mg/kg Daily for an unspecified duration To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of β-Elemene in combination with gefitinib, results showed that the combination treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 May 14;17(5):626
BALB/c nude mice A673 xenograft model Peritumoral injection 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg Once daily for 17 days Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the growth of A673 xenografts, with a 72% inhibition rate in the high-dose group. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
C57BL/6 male mice High-fat diet-induced obese mouse model Gavage 7.5 mg/kg/d Once daily for 3 weeks Β-Elemene suppressed experimental obesity-induced chronic inflammation by adjusting the intestinal immune system of obese mice and partially reversed HFD-induced changes in the composition and contents of mouse gut bacteria. Biomedicines. 2021 Jun 22;9(7):704
Mice High-fat diet-induced obesity model Gavage 7.5 mg/kg/d Once daily for 3 weeks To study the regulatory effect of β-Elemene on inflammatory response in obese mice, results showed that β-Elemene significantly reduced blood glucose levels and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Commun Biol. 2022 May 31;5(1):519
C57BL/6 male mice High-fat diet-induced obese mouse model Oral gavage 7.5 mg/kg/d Once daily for 3 weeks To evaluate the effects of β-Elemene on adipose tissue inflammation and Tregs in obese mice. Results showed that oral administration of β-Elemene significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in adipose tissue and increased the proportion of Foxp3+CD4+ T cells, indicating its role in alleviating obesity-induced chronic inflammation by modulating DCs function in the intestinal immune system. iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883

Protocol

Bio Calculators
Preparing Stock Solutions 1mg 5mg 10mg

1 mM

5 mM

10 mM

4.89mL

0.98mL

0.49mL

24.47mL

4.89mL

2.45mL

48.94mL

9.79mL

4.89mL

Dissolving Methods
Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn:

in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day;

The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound.
Protocol 1
Protocol 2

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