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CAS No. : | 185116-43-2 | MDL No. : | MFCD00144888 |
Formula : | C22H17NO4 | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | - | InChI Key : | VGSYYBSAOANSLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 359.37 | Pubchem ID : | 2756082 |
Synonyms : |
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Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P280-P305+P351+P338 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H302 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
94% | for 24 h; Inert atmosphere | p-Aminobenzoic acid (10 g, 73 mmol) was dissolved in dry NMP (50 ml) under an inert atmosphere followed by the dropwise addition of Fmoc-Cl (18.9 g, 73 mmol) in dry NMP (50 ml). After 24 hrs, the reaction mixture was poured slowly into 400 ml water. The colorless precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried in vacuum at 120 ºC to give N‐Fmoc-p-amino benzoic acid (24.8 g, 94percent). mp: 215 ºC (dec.) 1H-NMR: δ (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) 4.33 (t, 3J = 6.25 Hz, 1 H); 4.54 (d, 3J = 6.25 Hz, 2 H); 7.33-7.45 (m, 4 H); 7.57 (d, 3J = 7.35 Hz, 2 H); 7.76 (d, 3J = 7.35 Hz, 2 H); 7.89 (m, 4 H), 10.08 (s, 1H); 12.69 (s, 1H). 13C-NMR and DEPT: δ (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) 46.61 (+); 65.83 (-); 117.5 (+); 120.22 (+); 124.48; 125.14 (+); 127.17 (+); 127.74 (+); 130.48 (+); 140.86; 143.31; 143.74; 153.31; 167.03. IR ν (cm-‐1): 3344, 2970, 2887, 2660, 2544, 1709, 1673, 1610, 1592, 1526, 1511, 1411, 1311, 1282, 1221, 1052, 850, 736. RP-HPLC (min): 26.6 min. M (FD): m/z (percent) = 359.1 (100); 360.1 (17.4); calc.[C22H17NO4] = 359.1 |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
94% | for 24h;Inert atmosphere; | p-Aminobenzoic acid (10 g, 73 mmol) was dissolved in dry NMP (50 ml) under an inert atmosphere followed by the dropwise addition of Fmoc-Cl (18.9 g, 73 mmol) in dry NMP (50 ml). After 24 hrs, the reaction mixture was poured slowly into 400 ml water. The colorless precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried in vacuum at 120 ºC to give N-Fmoc-p-amino benzoic acid (24.8 g, 94%). mp: 215 ºC (dec.) 1H-NMR: delta (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) 4.33 (t, 3J = 6.25 Hz, 1 H); 4.54 (d, 3J = 6.25 Hz, 2 H); 7.33-7.45 (m, 4 H); 7.57 (d, 3J = 7.35 Hz, 2 H); 7.76 (d, 3J = 7.35 Hz, 2 H); 7.89 (m, 4 H), 10.08 (s, 1H); 12.69 (s, 1H). 13C-NMR and DEPT: delta (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) 46.61 (+); 65.83 (-); 117.5 (+); 120.22 (+); 124.48; 125.14 (+); 127.17 (+); 127.74 (+); 130.48 (+); 140.86; 143.31; 143.74; 153.31; 167.03. IR nu (cm--1): 3344, 2970, 2887, 2660, 2544, 1709, 1673, 1610, 1592, 1526, 1511, 1411, 1311, 1282, 1221, 1052, 850, 736. RP-HPLC (min): 26.6 min. M (FD): m/z (%) = 359.1 (100); 360.1 (17.4); calc.[C22H17NO4] = 359.1 |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
To a mixture of Rink amine resin (503 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added N-Fmoc-4-aminobenzoic acid (111 mg, 0.30 mmol), DIC (N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide) (48 muL, 0.30 mmol), and HOBT (1-hydroxybenzo-triazole) (41 mg, 0.30 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight under argon. The resin was filtered off and washed repeated with DMF, MeOH and DCM. The resin was then treated with 20% piperidine in DMF for half an hour, filtered off and washed repeatly with DMF, MeOH and DCM, dried under vacuum. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
Step A A mixture of HOAt (55 mg, 0.4 mmoles) and HATU (152 mg, 0.4 mmoles) in anhydrous DMF (0.5 ml), followed by diisopropyl ethylamine (0.14 ml, 0.8 mmoles), was added to a solution of 4- (9H-FLUOREN-9-YL- METHOXYCARBONYLAMINO)- benzoic acid (150. mg, 0.4 MMOLES) IN anhydrous DMF (0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and was then transferred into a reactor containing a Wang type polystyrene resin, functionalized with hydroxylamine (0.1 g; 0.1 mmoles), and the suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The resin was filtered and washed, in sequence, with DMF (5x2 ml), DCM (2x2 ml), MEOH (2x2 ML), DCM (2x2 ml), MeoH (2x2 ml), DCM (2x2 ml) and DMF (5x2 ml); finally, the resin was filtered and dried under vacuum. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
A mixture of HOAt (5.1 g; 37.5 mmol) and HATU (14.3 g; 37.5 mmol) inanhydrous DMF (20 ml) was added to a solution of 4-(9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonylamino)-benzoic acid (13.5 g; 37.5 mmol) in anhydrousDMF (25 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (13 ml; 75 mmol) was thenadded. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30minutes, then was transferred into a reactor containing a Wang typepolystyrene resin functionalised with hydroxylamine (9 g; 9.36 mmol) andthe suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The resinwas filtered out and washed, hi succession, with DMF (5x50 ml), DCM(4x50 ml), MeOH (3x50 ml) and DCM (5x50 ml), was finally filtered outand dried under a vacuum.StepBAn aliquot of the resin obtained in A (150 mg) was transferred into a solidphase synthesis reactor and reswollen with a 20% solution of piperidine inDMF (2 ml). After having been stirred at ambient temperature for one hour,the resin was filtered out and washed with DMF (5x2 ml).StepCHATU (237 mg, 0.62 mmol), HOAt (85 mg; 0.62 mmol) and DIPEA(0.217 ml; 1.24 mmol) were added to a solution of (9H-fluoren-9-yl)-methoxycarbonyl-D-(2)naphthylalanine (Fmoc-D(2)Nal-OH; 273 mg, 0.62mmol) in DMF (1.5 ml). The solution (~2 ml) was added to the reactorcontaining the resin obtained in B and stirred overnight at ambienttemperature. The resin was filtered out and washed, in succession, withDMF (5x2 ml), DCM (2x2 ml), MeOH (2x2 ml), DCM (2x2 ml) and finallyfiltered out under a vacuum.StepDThe resin obtained in C was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF, asdescribed in step B.StepEHATU (237 mg, 0.62 mmol), HOAt (85 mg; 0.62 mmol) and DIPEA(0.217 ml; 1.24 mmol) were added to a solution of benzoic acid (76 mg;0.62 mmol) in DMF (1.5 ml). The solution (~2 ml) was added to the reactorcontaining the resin obtained in D and stirred overnight at ambienttemperature. The resin was filtered out and washed, in succession, withDMF (5x2 ml), DCM (2x2 ml), MeOH (2x2 ml), DCM (2x2 ml) and finallyfiltered out under a vacuum.StepFThe resin obtained as described in the preceding point was reswollen in a50% solution of TFA in DCM (2 ml) and stirred at ambient temperature forone hour, then was filtered out and the solution was evaporated to dryness.The residue was resuspended with t-BuOMe and evaporated five moretimes. The residue obtained was purified by means of preparativeHPLC/MS in accordance with the previously described general method.Product obtained: 16.9 mg; [M+H+ = 454.3 (calc. 454.2) |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; thionyl chloride; at 20℃; for 2h; | General procedure: The respective carboxylic acid(4 or N-Fmoc-p-aminobenzoic acid) was dissolved in thionyl chloride and a catalytic amount of dry NMP was added. After stirring for 2hrs at rt, thionylchloride was removed under reduced pressure.The acid chloride was dissolved in dry NMP (to obtain a final concentration of 0.5mmol/ml) and the solution filtered through a 400 micron syringe filter into the cartridges of the peptide synthesizer (1mmol percartridge). | |
With thionyl chloride; for 2h;Reflux; | 00132] 2- (4-(( ( (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy) carbonyl) amino)phenyl) benzo [d] thiazole-6-carboxylic acid (39). To a suspension of zinc salt 37 (Wu et al . (2007) Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15:2789-2796) (266 mg, 0.66 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) at 80C, was added (9ff-fluoren-9-yl) methyl (4- ( chlorocarbonyl) phenyl) carbamate (500 mg, 1.32 mmol), which was prepared from 4- ( ( ( ( 9ff-fluoren-9- yl) methoxy) carbonyl) amino) benzoic acid refluxed with S0C12 for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80C for 16 hours. The resulting residue after evaporation was purified by reverse phase HPLC. Yield: 196 mg, 30%. ½ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) 510.15 (s, 1H) , 8.74 (s, 1H) , 8.07 - 8.05 (m, 4H) , 7.93 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.78 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.69 (s, br. 2H) , 7.45 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.37 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.56 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 4.36 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) delta 170.5, 166.9, 156.4, 153.2, 143.7, 142.5, 140.8, 134.4, 128.4, 127.7, 127.5, 127.4, 127.1, 126.6, 125.1, 124.2, 122.2, 120.2, 118.4, 65.8, 46.6. HRMS (m/z) : calcd for C29H21N2O S (neutral M+H) 493.1222; found 493.1221. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
79% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
85% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
80% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
78% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
79% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
83% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
77% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
83% | General procedure for the synthesis of test compounds by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); All the compounds were synthesized using Fmoc based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Rink amide MBHA resin preloaded with Fmoc-Proline (750 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was swollen in DMF for 20 min and washed with DMF (3 X 25 ml). Fmoc group of the resin bound Proline was removed by agitating peptidyl resin in 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) for the next coupling reaction. Fmoc--Ala-OH/ Fmoc-GABA-OH/ <strong>[185116-43-2]Fmoc-PABA-OH</strong> were coupled to the peptidyl resin by agitating their respective preactivated solutions under N2 atmosphere. (i.e. Fmoc-XX-OH (4 equiv), HOBt (4 equiv), and DIC (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min.). After completion of the coupling reaction confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, peptidyl resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and treated with 20% piperidine solution (25 ml, 1 X 5 min and 1 X 30 min) to remove Fmoc group. Peptidyl resin was then washed with DMF, DCM and ether (3 X 25 ml each) and swollen in DMF for 30 min for the coupling of benzoic acids. Substituted benzoic acids were incorporated to the respective peptidyl resin by agitating peptidyl rasine in the preactivated coupling solution of respective benzoic acid under N2 atm. over a period of 2-4hrs. Completion of coupling was confirmed by Kaiser ninhydrin and TNBS tests, whenever coupling was found incomplete one more coupling cycle was performed. Then, the resin was washed with DMF, DCM and ether (5 X 25ml each) and dried under vacuum for the global cleavage to get the desired peptidomimetics. Cleavage; The desired peptidomimetics were cleaved and deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with TFA cleavage mixture as follows. A solution of TFA / Water / Triisopropylsilane (95: 2.5: 2.5) (10 ml / 100 mg of peptidyl-resin) was added to peptidyl-resins and the mixture was kept at room temperature with occasional starring. The resin was filtered, washed with a cleavage mixture and the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained was triturated with ether (20 ml each) to yield crude compounds, typically in >100% yield (Ca 200-230 mg). Crude compounds thus obtained were purified by preparative HPLC as follows: Purification; Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-8A liquid chromatograph. A solution of crude compounds dissolved in water: ACN (1:1, 5ml) or Methanol (5ml) was injected into a semi-Prep column (Luna 10 mu; C18; 210-220 nm), dimension 250 X 21.20 mm and eluted with a linear gradient of ACN in water, both buffered with 0.1 % TFA, using a flow rate of 15 ml / min, with effluent monitoring by PDA detector at 220 nm. A typical gradient of 20 % to 70 % of water-ACN mixture, buffered with 0.1 % TFA was used, over a period of 100 minutes, with 1% gradient change per minute. The desired product eluted were collected in a single 50-80 ml fraction and pure peptidomimetics were obtained as white solids either by lyophilisation of respective HPLC fractions or by normal work up procedure after evaporation of ACN from the fractions and extraction with DCM. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With 6-chloro-3-((dimethylamino)(dimethyliminio)methyl)-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-3-ium-1-olatehexafluorophosphate(V); N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; at 75℃; for 0.0833333h; | (Benzenesulfonyl)Pro-(4-amino)Phe-Wang resin (0.25 mmol) agitated for 5 mm with a mixture of Fmocaminobenzoic acid (5eq), HCTU (5eq), and DIEA (lOeq) at 750 C. The resin was filtered, and washed with DMF thoroughly. Then the resin was treated with 4-methyl piperidine (9 mE, 20% in DMF) for 5 mm to remove Fmoc protecting group. After washing with DMF, N,N-bis-Bocguanylpyrazole (2eq) and DIPEA (5eq) was added and agitated overnight. Then the resin was washed with DMF thoroughly and washed with DCM and MeOR. The product was cleaved from the resin by 3-hr treatement with a mixture of TFA:TIPS:H20 (95:2.5:2.5) and was purified by RPHPEC. HPEC profile (condition 4: 1 9x 100 mm Atlantis T3OBD, solvent A, solvent B?, flow rate: 15 ml/min, gradient:5% to 100% solvent B? for 37 mm, detection: 254 nm), (condition 5: 19x100 mm Atlantis T3 OBD, solvent A, solvent B?, flow rate: 15 ml/min, gradient: 5% to 100% solvent B? for 35 mm, detection: 254 nm).[Compound No. 200] Prepared from 4-Fmoc- amino benzoic acid by general method C ((S)-3-(4-(4- guanidinobenzamido)phenyl)-2-((S)- 1 -(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid) retention time (condition 4)14.68 mi m/z=579 (MH+). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With 1-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 20℃; | The reaction was performed in an empty SPE plastic filter tube, using an Activotec PLS 4 x 6 Organic Synthesizer.After swelling of the resin with DCM and DMF, a solution of 4-((((9H-fluoren-9- yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)benzoic acid (4 eq.), HATU (4 eq.), HOAt (4 eq.) and DIPEA (8 eq.) in DMF was added. The reaction mixture was shaken at RT overnight. The resin was then filtered and washed with DMF and DCM. |
Tags: 185116-43-2 synthesis path| 185116-43-2 SDS| 185116-43-2 COA| 185116-43-2 purity| 185116-43-2 application| 185116-43-2 NMR| 185116-43-2 COA| 185116-43-2 structure
Precautionary Statements-General | |
Code | Phrase |
P101 | If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand. |
P102 | Keep out of reach of children. |
P103 | Read label before use |
Prevention | |
Code | Phrase |
P201 | Obtain special instructions before use. |
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P220 | Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials. |
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P222 | Do not allow contact with air. |
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P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling. |
P265 | Wash skin thouroughly after handling. |
P270 | Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. |
P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. |
P272 | Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. |
P273 | Avoid release to the environment. |
P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. |
P281 | Use personal protective equipment as required. |
P282 | Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection. |
P283 | Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing. |
P284 | Wear respiratory protection. |
P285 | In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection. |
P231 + P232 | Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture. |
P235 + P410 | Keep cool. Protect from sunlight. |
Response | |
Code | Phrase |
P301 | IF SWALLOWED: |
P304 | IF INHALED: |
P305 | IF IN EYES: |
P306 | IF ON CLOTHING: |
P307 | IF exposed: |
P308 | IF exposed or concerned: |
P309 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: |
P310 | Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P311 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
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P313 | Get medical advice/attention. |
P314 | Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. |
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P320 | |
P302 + P352 | IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P321 | |
P322 | |
P330 | Rinse mouth. |
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P332 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: |
P333 | If skin irritation or rash occurs: |
P334 | Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages. |
P335 | Brush off loose particles from skin. |
P336 | Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. |
P337 | If eye irritation persists: |
P338 | Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P340 | Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P341 | If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P342 | If experiencing respiratory symptoms: |
P350 | Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
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P352 | Wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P353 | Rinse skin with water/shower. |
P360 | Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
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P362 | Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. |
P363 | Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. |
P370 | In case of fire: |
P371 | In case of major fire and large quantities: |
P372 | Explosion risk in case of fire. |
P373 | DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. |
P374 | Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance. |
P376 | Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1 |
P377 | Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. |
P378 | |
P380 | Evacuate area. |
P381 | Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. |
P390 | Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. |
P391 | Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment |
P301 + P310 | IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P301 + P312 | IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. |
P301 + P330 + P331 | IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P302 + P334 | IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P302 + P350 | IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P303 + P361 + P353 | IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower. |
P304 + P312 | IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P304 + P340 | IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P304 + P341 | IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P305 + P351 + P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P306 + P360 | IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P307 + P311 | IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P308 + P313 | IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. |
P309 + P311 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P332 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P333 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P335 + P334 | Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P337 + P313 | IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. |
P342 + P311 | IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P370 + P376 | In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so. |
P370 + P378 | In case of fire: |
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P370 + P380 + P375 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
P371 + P380 + P375 | In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
Storage | |
Code | Phrase |
P401 | |
P402 | Store in a dry place. |
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P405 | Store locked up. |
P406 | Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner. |
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P411 | |
P412 | Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF. |
P413 | |
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P422 | |
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Disposal | |
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Physical hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H200 | Unstable explosive |
H201 | Explosive; mass explosion hazard |
H202 | Explosive; severe projection hazard |
H203 | Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard |
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H221 | Flammable gas |
H222 | Extremely flammable aerosol |
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H224 | Extremely flammable liquid and vapour |
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H231 | May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature |
H240 | Heating may cause an explosion |
H241 | Heating may cause a fire or explosion |
H242 | Heating may cause a fire |
H250 | Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air |
H251 | Self-heating; may catch fire |
H252 | Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire |
H260 | In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously |
H261 | In contact with water releases flammable gas |
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H271 | May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer |
H272 | May intensify fire; oxidizer |
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H281 | Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury |
H290 | May be corrosive to metals |
Health hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H300 | Fatal if swallowed |
H301 | Toxic if swallowed |
H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
H303 | May be harmful if swallowed |
H304 | May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways |
H305 | May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways |
H310 | Fatal in contact with skin |
H311 | Toxic in contact with skin |
H312 | Harmful in contact with skin |
H313 | May be harmful in contact with skin |
H314 | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage |
H315 | Causes skin irritation |
H316 | Causes mild skin irritation |
H317 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
H318 | Causes serious eye damage |
H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
H320 | Causes eye irritation |
H330 | Fatal if inhaled |
H331 | Toxic if inhaled |
H332 | Harmful if inhaled |
H333 | May be harmful if inhaled |
H334 | May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
H336 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness |
H340 | May cause genetic defects |
H341 | Suspected of causing genetic defects |
H350 | May cause cancer |
H351 | Suspected of causing cancer |
H360 | May damage fertility or the unborn child |
H361 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
H361d | Suspected of damaging the unborn child |
H362 | May cause harm to breast-fed children |
H370 | Causes damage to organs |
H371 | May cause damage to organs |
H372 | Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
H373 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Environmental hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H400 | Very toxic to aquatic life |
H401 | Toxic to aquatic life |
H402 | Harmful to aquatic life |
H410 | Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H411 | Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H412 | Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H413 | May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
H420 | Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere |
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