With sulfuric acid; hydrogen bromide In water for 12 h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux
General procedure: Typical procedure: Under a dry argon atmosphere, 48percent HBr aqueous solution (41.0mL, 360mmol) and conc. sulfuric acid (9.6mL) were added dropwise to γ-butyrolactone (3a) (6.10g, 70.9mmol), and the resulting mixture was left undisturbed at room temperature for 2h. Then, after refluxing for 12h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. To this reaction mixture, 192mL of water was added, and the crude product was extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate/hexane (1/2v/v). The fraction with an Rf value of 0.44 was collected and dried under reduced pressure to afford 4-bromobutanoic acid (4a) as yellow oil (7.638g, 65percent)
82%
at 20℃; for 7 h; Reflux
General procedure: 4-Butyrolactone (1) (48.2 g, 0.56 mol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in a mixture of 48percent HBr solution (317 mL, 2.8 mol, 5 equiv) and conc H2SO4 (76 mL, 1.4 mol, 2.5 equiv) and left at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was refluxed for 5 h, cooled to room temperature and poured to 1.5 L distilled water. The mixture was extracted with diethyl ether, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. Distillation of the crude product under reduced pressure (7 mbar) gave 57.0 g (61percent) of colourless oil
Reference:
[1] Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2016, vol. 99, p. 1 - 8
[2] Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, vol. 19, # 1, p. 567 - 579
[3] Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, vol. 14, # 9, p. 2896 - 2903
[4] Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, vol. 14, # 23, p. 7681 - 7687
[5] Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, vol. 104, # 5, p. 1391 - 1403
[6] Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1975, vol. 40, # 23, p. 3456 - 3458
[7] Tetrahedron Letters, 1981, vol. 22, # 50, p. 5101 - 5104
[8] Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1981, vol. 103, # 17, p. 5183 - 5189
[9] Synthesis, 2008, # 20, p. 3229 - 3236
[10] Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011, vol. 7, p. 1342 - 1346
2
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 67-56-1 ]
[ 14273-90-6 ]
Reference:
[1] Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 2003, vol. 81, # 8, p. 937 - 960
[2] Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, vol. 136, # 41, p. 14389 - 14392
[3] Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1972, p. 4163 - 4170
[4] Synthesis, 1977, p. 112 - 113
3
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 14273-90-6 ]
Reference:
[1] Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2016, vol. 99, p. 1 - 8
4
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 25542-62-5 ]
Reference:
[1] Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1985, vol. 24, p. 1081 - 1083
[2] Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1983, vol. 61, p. 2016 - 2021
5
[ 108-94-1 ]
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 124-04-9 ]
[ 693-23-2 ]
[ 50905-10-7 ]
[ 32673-76-0 ]
[ 142-62-1 ]
Reference:
[1] Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science (English Translation), 1986, vol. 35, # 1, p. 72 - 75[2] Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, 1986, # 1, p. 85 - 88
6
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 25775-90-0 ]
Reference:
[1] Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1988, vol. 53, # 5, p. 1064 - 1071
7
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 6399-81-1 ]
[ 50889-29-7 ]
Reference:
[1] Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1997, vol. 45, # 4, p. 685 - 696
8
[ 502-44-3 ]
[ 50889-29-7 ]
Reference:
[1] Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011, vol. 7, p. 1342 - 1346
95 parts by weight of the <strong>[4224-62-8]6-chlorocaproic acid</strong> were boiled with an aqueous solution of the equivalent amount of sodium hydroxide to obtain 69 parts by weight of epsilon-caprolactone. The 13C-NMR (100 MHz, internal standard CDCl3)of the synthesised epsilon-caprolactone was measured to obtain chemical shfts delta (ppm) as follows: epsilon-caprolactone: 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) delta (ppm): 176.23, 69.30, 34.56, 29.35, 28.93, 22.98
An anionic polyester was prepared by the polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone and <strong>[502-97-6]glycolide</strong>, using glycolic acid as an initiator and a catalyst in the amounts given below: epsilon-caprolactone 1.8208 moles <strong>[502-97-6]glycolide</strong> 0.1789 moles glycolic acid 0.0666 moles (Initiator ratio 30) catalyst: Stannous octoate 0.33 molar in toluene The anionic polyester was dissolved in ethyl acetate to make a 7% solids solution. Thereafter, a size 2/0 polyglactin 910 suture was immersion coated and air dried. The suture had 2.716 weight % coating. In a bottle covered with aluminum foil, 201 grams of deionized water and 8 grams of isopropanol were mixed. Thereafter, 1.462 grams of silver acetate was added to the aqueous alcohol solution and mixed with a magnetic stirrer for 1½ hours. 20 more grams of isopropyl alcohol was added and mixed to produce a silver salt solution. The size 2/0 coated polyglactin 910 suture was immersed in a 50 gram aliquot of the silver salt solution at room temperature for 5 hours. The suture was rinsed by immersion in deionized water and vacuum dried at room temperature to produce a suture having the antimicrobial composition as a coating thereon. The amount of silver in the complex of the anionic polyester and silver was 34% by weight based on the weight of the anionic polyester. Silver has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. Coli of 10 ppm, as measured in a suitable growth medium and as described by Bhargava, H. et al in the American Journal of Infection Control, Jun. 1996, pages 209-218. The MIC for a particular antimicrobial agent and a particular microbe is defined as the minimum concentration of that antimicrobial agent that must be present in an otherwise suitable growth medium for that microbe, in order to render the growth medium unsuitable for that microbe, i.e., the minimum concentration to inhibit growth of that microbe. A demonstration of this MIC is seen in the disk diffusion method of susceptibility. A filter paper disk, or other object, impregnated with a pre-selected amount of a particular antimicrobial metal is applied to an agar medium that is inoculated with the test organism. The antimicrobial metal diffuses through the medium, and as long as the concentration of the antimicrobial metal is above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), none of the susceptible microbe will grow on or around the disk for some distance. This distance is called a zone of inhibition. Assuming the antimicrobial metal has a diffusion rate in the medium, the presence of a zone of inhibition around a disk impregnated with an antimicrobial agent indicates that the organism is inhibited by the presence of the antimicrobial metal in the otherwise satisfactory growth medium, the diameter of the zone of inhibition is inversely proportional to the MIC. The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by zone of inhibition assay, in which the sutures were cut into a 5 cm section. A Petri dish containing nutrient agar inoculated with about 105 cfu/ml. A portion of 20 ml of TSA tempered at 47 C. was added into the Petri dish. The inoculum was mixed thoroughly with the growth medium and the suture was placed in the middle of the dish. The inoculated dish was incubated at 37 C. for 48 hr and the zone of inhibition was measured with a digital caliper. The zone of inhibition assay was performed against E. coli over a two-day period. The results indicate that the suture having the complex as a coating thereon exhibited a zone of inhibition against E. Coli of 4.5 mm that was sustained for 12 days.
poly(ε-caprolactone-co-glycolide-co-polyethylene glycol-co-trimethylene carbonate)[ No CAS ]
Yield
Reaction Conditions
Operation in experiment
tin(II) octanoate; at 140 - 150℃; for 0.5 - 1.5h;
Predried crystalline, PEG-35 (mol. Wt.=35 kDa) was mixed, under nitrogen in a stainless steel reactor equipped for mechanical stirring, with the desired amount of trimethylene carbonate monomer in the presence of stannous octanoate as a catalyst. The mixture was heated and stirred to achieve complete dissolution of all reactants. The mixing was continued while heating to a polymerization temperature of 140 C. or 150 C. depending on the composition. The reaction was maintained at that temperature while stirring until essentially complete monomer conversion was achieved (0.5-1.5 hours depending on the monomer concentration). A charge of cyclic monomer(s) was then added and the mixture stirred to achieve complete dissolution of all reactants (mixing temperatures of 110 C., 140 C. or 150 C. were used depending on the composition). The mixing was continued while heating to a polymerization temperature of 160 C., 170 C., or 180 C., depending on the type and concentration of cyclic monomer(s). The reaction was maintained at that temperature while stirring until the product became too viscous to stir and essentially complete monomer conversion was achieved (7-12 hours depending on the type and concentration of cyclic monomer(s)). At this stage, polymerization was discontinued, the product was cooled, isolated, ground, dried, and traces of residual monomer were removed by distillation under reduced pressure using a temperature that is below the copolymer melting temperature (Tm), but not exceeding 110 C. The resulting dry copolymers were characterized for identity and composition (IR, NMR), thermal properties, namely Tm and DeltaHf (DSC), molecular weight in terms of inherent viscosity (solution viscometry in CHCl3 or hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol), or number/weight average molecular weight (GPC), and melt viscosity (melt rheometer). The DeltaHf is used as an indirect measure of percent crystallinity. Pertinent polymerization charge/conditions and analytical data are summarized in Tables I and II.
poly(glycolide-caprolactone)-PEO/PPO copolymer[ No CAS ]
Yield
Reaction Conditions
Operation in experiment
25.5 grams of <strong>[502-97-6]glycolide</strong> (?G?), 25.0 grams of caprolactone (?CL?), and 1.67 grams of propylene glycol were added to a clean, dry, 500 ml, 2-neck round bottom vessel. The materials were mixed and dried overnight with nitrogen bubbling. After drying, the materials were placed under static nitrogen and heated to 150 C., with continued mixing. Once the materials reached 150 C., 0.04 grams of stannous octoate was added and the mixture was allowed to react for 24 hours. Samples were obtained and tested via NMR and IR. The mixture was then cooled to 130 C. Once the mixture had cooled, 274.5 grams of UCON 75-H-450, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer (PEO/PPO copolymer; commercially available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.), and 0.08 grams of stannous octoate were added. The mixture was allowed to react for 6 hours with continuing mixing. The resulting material, 15.5% poly(<strong>[502-97-6]glycolide</strong>-caprolactone) (50%G+50% CL) +84.5% PEO/PPO copolymer (UCON 75-H-450) (sometimes referred to herein as degradable poly(<strong>[502-97-6]glycolide</strong>-caprolactone)-PEO/PPO copolymer material), was then cooled to 50 C. and transferred into glass jars.
(15Z,18Z)-6-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl]tetracosa-15,18-diene-1,6-diol[ No CAS ]
Yield
Reaction Conditions
Operation in experiment
65%
Reaction 1 HGT5000 [0151] The intermediate compound (15Z, 18Z)-6-[ (9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9, 12-dien-l- yl]tetracosa-15, 18-diene-l, 6-diol identified as compound (2) in Reaction 1 above was prepared as follows. To a lOOmL round bottom flask was added lOg (30mmol) of compound (1) (<strong>[4102-60-7]linoleyl bromide</strong>) and dry THF (20mL) under nitrogen. Magnesium powder (1.1 lg, 45mmol) was added to the stirred reaction solution followed by 2 drops of dibromoethane at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 C for 1 hour, and then diluted with dry THF (40mL). The reaction mixture was stirred another 15 minutes at room temperature. [0152] In a separate 250mL 3-neck flask was taken epsilon-caprolactone (1.44mL, 13.5mmol) in dry THF (20mL) under nitrogen. To the stirred solution was added the Grignard reagent through a cannula at 0 C. The resulting mixture was heated at 85 C for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was then quenched with NH4CI solution and extracted with dichloromethane (3 x lOOmL). The combined extracts were washed with brine (50mL), dried ( a2S04) and concentrated. The residue was purified twice by silica gel column chromatography (gradient elution from hexane to 3 :2 hexane/EA) to afford compound (2) as an oil. Yield: 5.46g (65%). XH NMR (301 MHz, CDC13) delta: 5.25 - 5.45 (m, 8H), 3.65 (m, 2H), 2.77 (t, J= 6.2 Hz, 4H), 1.95 - 2.1 (m, 8H), 1.2 - 1.70 (m, 50H), 0.88 (t, J= 6.9 Hz, 6H).
In a first step, the UDETA (20 g, i.e. 0.155 mol) was dissolved at ambient temperature in 30 ml of acetonitrile in a two-necked round-bottomed flask provided with a magnetic bar. The round-bottomed flask was surmounted by a dropping funnel into which a solution of 18.3 ml (0.17 mol) of caprolactone in 15 ml of acetonitrile has been introduced. This solution was added dropwise at ambient temperature to the reaction mixture over a period of 30 minutes. The mixture was subsequently left stirring for 12 hours and then at 40 C. for an additional 4 hours. The solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator and placed in a freezer for 12 hours in order to crystallize the reaction product, which was subsequently recovered by filtration, washed with acetonitrile and dried under a bell jar for 6 hours. The reaction product could be easily analyzed by proton NMR spectroscopy in order to determine the purity thereof.