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Chemical Structure| 1218942-37-0 Chemical Structure| 1218942-37-0

Structure of GKT137831
CAS No.: 1218942-37-0

Chemical Structure| 1218942-37-0

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Setanaxib (GKT137831) is a selective inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX1/4) with Ki values of 140 nM and 110 nM, respectively.

Synonyms: Setanaxib

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Product Citations

Product Citations      Show More

Amengual, Josep ; Gonzalez-Sanchez, Ester ; Yáñez-Bartolome, Mariana ; Sererols-Viñas, Laura ; Ravichandra, Aashreya ; Guiton, Celia , et al.

Abstract: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling has become an attractive therapeutic target due to its pro-tumorigenic actions on epithelial cells and its immunosuppressive effects in the tumour microenvironment. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), a highly aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract with poor prognosis, the latest clinical trials using TGF-β inhibitors have failed indicating that the specific actions carried out by TGF-β in iCCA are yet not well delineated. Here, we show that TGF-β signalling is highly active in iCCA and exerts a prominent suppressor effect on tumour cell lines and organoids established from iCCA metastases biopsies, that relies on a functional canonical SMAD2/3/4 signalling. Thus, TGF-β inhibitors promote, instead of inhibiting, tumour cell growth. In this context, a promising strategy is to target intracellular proteins downstream the TGF-β receptors accounting only for TGF-β pro-tumorigenic actions. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a downstream mediator of the TGF-β signalling pathway, is strictly expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) of iCCA and acts in concert with NOX1 to regulate CAF functions. Use of a dual NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor impaired CAF actions and reduced tumour growth in vitro and in two different in vivo iCCA experimental models. Collectively, our findings reveal an actionable way to specifically target TGF-β pro-tumorigenic actions in CAF from iCCA without undesirable side effects on tumour cells, suggesting a potentially bright future for dual NOX4/NOX1 inhibitors in the clinics, alone or in combination with other therapies.

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David W. Hammers ;

Abstract: The muscular dystrophies (MDs) are genetic muscle diseases that result in progressive muscle degeneration followed by the fibrotic replacement of affected muscles as regenerative processes fail. Therapeutics that specifically address the fibrosis and failed regeneration associated with MDs represent a major unmet clinical need for MD patients, particularly those with advanced-stage disease progression. The current study investigated targeting NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a potential strategy to reduce fibrosis and promote regeneration in disease-burdened muscle that models Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). NOX4 was elevated in the muscles of dystrophic mice and DMD patients, localizing primarily to interstitial cells located between muscle fibers. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of NOX4 significantly reduced fibrosis in dystrophic respiratory and limb muscles. Mechanistically, NOX4 targeting decreased the number of fibrosis-depositing cells (myofibroblasts) and restored the number of muscle-specific stem cells (satellite cells) localized to their physiological niche, thereby rejuvenating muscle regeneration. Furthermore, acute inhibition of NOX4 was sufficient to induce apoptotic clearing of myofibroblasts within dystrophic muscle. These data indicate that targeting NOX4 is an effective strategy to promote the beneficial remodeling of disease-burdened muscle representative of DMD and, potentially, other MDs and muscle pathologies.

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Product Details of GKT137831

CAS No. :1218942-37-0
Formula : C21H19ClN4O2
M.W : 394.85
SMILES Code : O=C1N(C2=CC=CC=C2Cl)NC(C1=C(C3=CC=CC(N(C)C)=C3)N4C)=CC4=O
Synonyms :
Setanaxib
MDL No. :MFCD27923122
InChI Key :RGYQPQARIQKJKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :58496428

Safety of GKT137831

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302-H315-H319-H332-H335
Precautionary Statements:P280-P305+P351+P338-P310

Isoform Comparison

Biological Activity

In Vitro:

Cell Line
Concentration Treated Time Description References
human podocytes 20 µM 24 h GKT137831 reduced the high glucose-induced increase in ROS production and apoptosis rate in podocytes. J Cell Mol Med. 2021 Jan;25(2):1012-1023.
Primary prostate human fibroblasts 30 µM 48 h GKT137831 significantly attenuated the elevated migratory capacity of activated fibroblasts and reduced CAF marker expression and ROS production. Int J Cancer. 2018 Jul 15;143(2):383-395.
RAW264.7 macrophages 50 µM GKT137831 reduced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting NOX4 activity without detectable cytotoxicity. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 May 23;20(1):241.
CAF5 20 µM 24 h GKT137831 significantly reduced the ability of CAF5 to contract collagen, promote migration of breast cancer cells, and generate ROS. Breast Cancer Res. 2022 Jul 14;24(1):48.
Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) 20 µM 2 h GKT137831 reduced ROS in the mitochondria of HPMC cells and reduced TGF-β1-induced mitochondrial damage. Cell Death Dis. 2024 May 28;15(5):365.
H9c2 cardiomyocytes 1 μM 1 h Inhibited Dox-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation Redox Biol. 2020 Jul;34:101523.
Primary neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes 1 μM 1 h Inhibited Dox-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis Redox Biol. 2020 Jul;34:101523.
LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells 20 μM 24 h To evaluate the effect of GKT137831 on Ang II-induced ROS generation and Rac1 activity. Results showed that GKT137831 suppressed ROS generation but did not affect Rac1 activity. Hepatology. 2012 Dec;56(6):2316-27.
RMF-HGF 30 µM 48 h GKT137831 significantly inhibited the collagen contractile ability of RMF-HGF and reduced the release of extracellular H2O2. Breast Cancer Res. 2022 Jul 14;24(1):48.

In Vivo:

Species
Animal Model
Administration Dosage Frequency Description References
Mice CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model Intragastric injection 60 mg/kg Once daily for 3 weeks To evaluate the inhibitory effect of GKT137831 on liver fibrosis. Results showed that GKT137831 significantly reduced liver fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers. Hepatology. 2012 Dec;56(6):2316-27.
Mice Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury model Oral gavage 40mg/kg Every 12 hours for 3 days GKT137831 significantly reduced serum creatinine (sCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in FeD mice, indicating that it alleviated cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting Nox4 activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021 Sep;173:81-96
Mice Db/db diabetic mice Oral gavage 60 mg/kg Three times a week for 16 weeks After 16 weeks of treatment with GKT137831, similar renoprotection as observed in SAL treated db/db mice was achieved, including alleviated mesangial hyperplasia and podocyte foot process effacement in glomeruli. J Cell Mol Med. 2021 Jan;25(2):1012-1023.
Mice Liver fibrosis models Oral 10 mg/kg Twice weekly GKT137831 combined with endothelial Hgf gene delivery promoted liver regeneration and reduced fibrosis Sci Transl Med. 2017 Aug 30;9(405):eaai8710.
C57BL/6 mice Ti nanoparticle-induced calvarial osteolysis model Subperiosteal injection 1 mg/kg Once daily for 14 consecutive days GKT137831 prevented Ti nanoparticle-induced osteolysis by decreasing ROS levels and osteoclastogenesis through NOX4 inhibition. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 May 23;20(1):241.
Mice 4T1 syngeneic model Oral 60 mg/kg Daily for 30 days GKT137831 significantly inhibited the growth of 4T1 mammary tumors and reduced lung metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. 2022 Jul 14;24(1):48.
C57BL/6J mice Dox-induced dilated cardiomyopathy model Gavage 60 mg/kg Once daily for 6 weeks Inhibited NOX1 and NOX4 activity, alleviated Dox-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardial damage Redox Biol. 2020 Jul;34:101523.

Clinical Trial:

NCT Number Conditions Phases Recruitment Completion Date Locations
NCT03740217 Phase 1 PHASE1 COMPLETED 2019-02-06 Eurofins Optimed, Gières, 3861... More >>0, France Less <<
NCT03226067 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Phase 2 Active, not recruiting September 26, 2019 -
NCT02010242 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With ... More >>Diabetic Nephropathy Less << Phase 2 Completed - -

Protocol

Bio Calculators
Preparing Stock Solutions 1mg 5mg 10mg

1 mM

5 mM

10 mM

2.53mL

0.51mL

0.25mL

12.66mL

2.53mL

1.27mL

25.33mL

5.07mL

2.53mL

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