Abstract: The dynamic optical and mechanical properties of cephalopod skin cannot be mimicked using traditional display technologies. Soft materials (and systems thereof ) have the potential to realize cephalopod-like color switching capabilities synthetically. This report describes the fabrication of stretchable arrays of microstructured, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, “synthetic chromatophores,” that emulate the mechano-dynamic action of color change found in cephalopods. By combining multiple layers of these synthetic chromatophores, soft skins with color and pattern morphing capabilities that leverage halftone absorption, optical interference, and microlensing are demonstrated. These skins, made entirely of soft materials, are inherently stretchable and can be programmed to respond to specific environmental stimuli, making them well-suited for applications in soft robotics and human-machine interfaces.

Keywords: chromatophores ; halftones ; hydrogels ; microactuation ; microlens ; moire interference

Purchased from AmBeed: 85073-19-4

Optimizing Green Light Photoredox Catalyzed Polymerizations for 3D Printing of Cell-Laden Hydrogels

Stevens, Lynn M ; Halwachs, Kathleen N ; Recker, Elizabeth A ; Garcia, Vincent G ; Rosales, Adrianne M ; Page, Zachariah A

DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00830 PubMed ID: 40792568 Biomacromolecules,2025,26(9):5938-5947.

Abstract: 3D bioprinting is a powerful tool for fabricating complex tissue-like constructs, with digital light processing (DLP) offering exceptional speed and precision. However, conventional DLP relies on harmful UV light, limiting its application for cell-laden structures. Here, we developed green light-reactive photosystems for high-resolution hydrogel 3D printing. A polyacryla_x005f_x0002_mide-based formulation (Resin 1) with Eosin Y as a photoredox catalyst enabled rapid prototyping (<10 s/100 μm) with low-intensity green light, achieving ∼50 μm resolution in structures such as vessel models with up to 90 wt % water. To improve cytocompatibility, we introduced a methacrylated-gelatin formulation (Resin 2), followed by a system with Eosin Y, dithiothreitol, and norbornene-functionalized gelatin (NorGel, Resin 3). Resin 3 enabled DLP printing of cell-laden constructs encapsulating human dermal fibroblasts in a cylindrical geometry with ∼90% viability after 3 days. This green light DLP platform integrates high resolution, rapid processing, and cytocompatibility to advance fabrication of physiologically relevant tissue models.

Purchased from AmBeed: 1892-57-5 ; 85073-19-4

A multimodal approach to smart and sustained drug delivery for corneal wound management: the GelPol nanoformulation

Thakur, Neeraj S ; Rus, Iulia ; Agrahari, Vibhuti ;

DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2025.2550236 PubMed ID: 40874548 Nanomedicine,2025,20(18):2321-2339.

Abstract: Background: This study aims to develop a thermo-photo dual-stimuli-responsive hydrogel matrix and ROS-responsive engineered nanocarriers-based composite GelPol nanoformulation for corneal wound management. GelPol is composed of modified gelatin and poloxamer 407SH holding nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with dexamethasone, rapamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Research design and methods: Dual-stimuli-responsive hydrogel and ROS-responsive NPs were synthesized and characterized. Sol-gel transition of GelPol was studied at various temperatures and light irradiation. In vitro release studies and kinetics from the GelPol nanoformulation were conducted at 25°C and 37°C over 3 weeks. Structural integrity and stability studies were performed under various conditions (temperature and pH) for 4 weeks and confirmed through FTIR and DSC analyses. Cell viability and biocompatibility studies using HCEC were conducted to assess safety. Results: The NPs characterization revealed hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 105 to 114 nm with polydispersity between 0.108 and 0.153. Encapsulation efficiencies for DEX, RAPA, and CIP were 87.27%, 88.11%, and 76.94%, respectively. Stability studies confirmed the GelPol stability through FTIR, DSC, and HPLC analyses. Cell viability and biocompatibility studies demonstrated the safety of GelPol formulations. Conclusions: The tailored GelPol novel approach could offer a noninvasive alternative for corneal wound treatment, potentially improving patient safety and adherence compared to traditional procedures.

Purchased from AmBeed: 85073-19-4

A method to use X-ray computed tomography for measuring perfusable, high-resolution 3D-printed hydrogel structures

Kafka, Orion L ; Kolibaba, Thomas J ; Wendland, Rion J ; Higgins, Callie I ; Draper, Grant ; Clinton, Nick , et al.

DOI: 10.1557/s43579-025-00804-y MRS Commun.,2025.

Abstract: Contrast-enhancing agents are commonplace in medical X-ray Computed Tomography. However, their use in laboratory-scale micro-X-ray Computed Tomography (µXCT) for morphological measurements of tissue-like or tissue-scaffold applications (e.g., 3D-printed artificial organs) is limited. We demonstrate enhanced contrast and enable print quality measurement with µXCT via a colloidal suspension of nano-silica spheres (c-SiO₂). Contrast is enhanced by the higher attenuation coefficient of the silica than hydrogel, which provides for 3D image analysis. We tested several c-SiO₂ dilutions and found an optimal selection that balances viscosity and contrast. We further demonstrate the technique by measuring a prototype dialyzer-like device.

Purchased from AmBeed: 85073-19-4

Modulating Hydrogel Stiffness Through Light-Based 3D Printing to Mimic Cardiac Fibrosis and Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction Using hiPSC-Derived Cells

Sohn, Sogu ; Momtahan, Nima ; Stevens, Lynn M ; Han, Jiwan ; Liu, Yutong ; Kiker, Meghan T , et al.

DOI: 10.1101/2025.05.20.655137 bioRxiv,2025.

Abstract: The human heart’s limited regenerative capacity is a significant barrier to addressing cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is particularly true for cardiac fibrosis, a form of CVD wherein the wound healing process has gone awry. In cardiac fibrosis, excessive scar tissue formation due to dysregulated remodeling of the heart’s extracellular matrix (ECM) results in increased stiffness that reduces cardiac output and can lead to heart failure. This dysregulated ECM deposition is driven by activated cardiac fibroblasts, where cell substrate stiffness is known to play a role in cardiac fibroblast activation. New preclinical models that accurately recapitulate the behavior of activated cardiac fibroblasts are needed to better understand and treat cardiac fibrosis. To this end, we describe a model wherein human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) are cultured on 3D printed hydrogels of tunable stiffness, fabricated using dosage controlled digital light processing (DLP). We demonstrate that our model can induce HCF activation in the absence of TGFβ, a key mediator of fibroblast activation, surpassing the activation levels seen with HCFs activated with TGFβ on protein-coated tissue culture plates. Furthermore, combining stiffer hydrogels with TGFβ recapitulates fibroblast activation similar to what is observed in native cardiac tissue. Lastly, by indirectly coculturing HCFs seeded and activated on these stiff hydrogels with hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate that the activated HCFs in our cardiac fibrosis model can impair cardiomyocyte function, mimicking the deleterious effects of cardiac fibrosis.

Purchased from AmBeed: 25952-53-8 ; 85073-19-4

Understanding proneural-mesenchymal transition using patient-derived glioma stem-like cell (GSC) organoids and engineered extracellular matrix

McManis, Autumn ; Jimenez, Charles Ashley ; Shirolkar, Abha ; ur Rehman, Syed Raza ; Mallick, Sumana ; Murphy, Malea , et al.

DOI: 10.1101/2025.09.17.676829 PubMed ID: 41000911 bioRxiv,2025.

Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive, angiogenic WHO grade IV glioma marked by rapid progression, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. A defining feature of GBM is the presence of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), which reside in specialized perivascular niches and drive tumor progression, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. The blood-brain barrier, coupled with the complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment, poses significant challenges for both treatment and mechanistic investigation. Current in vitro GBM models inadequately recapitulate the structural and biochemical cues of the native perivascular niche due to the absence of functional vasculature and brain-mimetic extracellular matrix (ECM), limiting their physiological relevance and predictive power. To address the limitations of existing in vitro GBM models, we developed a patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSC) derived Matrigel spheroid system that transitions into organoids and enables integration into engineered microenvironments. Our model incorporates GSC organoids representing proneural and mesenchymal GBM subtypes, a synthetic engineered extracellular matrix (eECM), and endothelial cells (ECs) seeded on the matrix surface. We evaluated the expression of subtype-specific, pro-angiogenic, stemness, and differentiation markers under increasingly complex co-culture conditions. Our results show that Matrigel-derived GSC spheroids progressively differentiate into organoids over two weeks, with significantly enhanced expression of cell-specific markers in the presence of ECs. Encapsulation of these organoids within eECM, combined with EC co-culture, further promoted cellular invasion and induction of GBM associated genes. This in situ encapsulation strategy enables real-time observation of GSC behavior in a tunable microenvironment that mimics key features of the native tumor niche. Together, this platform provides a physiologically relevant and modular in vitro system for investigating GBM pathophysiology. It holds promise for uncovering tumor-specific cellular dependencies, studying GSC-vascular interactions, and conducting high-throughput drug screening under controlled, biomimetic conditions.

Keywords: Organoid ; Patient-derived Glioma Stem-like Cells (GSCs) ; Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) ; In vitro model ; Engineered extracellular matrix

Purchased from AmBeed: 85073-19-4

Enzyme Bioink for the 3D Printing of Biocatalytic Materials

Luca A. Altevogt ; Rakib H. Sheikh ; Thomas G. Molley ; Joel Yong ; Kang Liang ; Patrick Spicer , et al.

DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.04.577699 bioRxiv,2024:2024.02.04.577699.

Abstract: The field of 3D biofabrication faces major challenges on the road to printing fully functional tissues and organs. One of them is adding functionality to the newly formed tissue for replicating an active biochemical environment. Native extracellular matrices sequester numerous bioactive species, making the microenvironment biochemically active. On the other hand, most 3D-printed constructs have limited activity, serving merely as mechanical scaffolding. Here we demonstrate active scaffolding through the integration of biocatalytic enzymes within the bioink. Enzymes are an attractive class of biocompatible and substrate-specific bioactive agents that can improve tissue regeneration outcomes. However, the difficulty in the application remains in providing enzymes at the targeted site in adequate amounts over an extended time. In this work, a durable biocatalytic active enzyme bioink for 3D extrusion-based bioprinting is developed by covalently attaching the globular enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to a gelatin methacrylate (Gel-MA) biopolymer scaffold. Upon introducing methacrylate groups on the surface of the enzyme, it undergoes photo-crosslinking in a post-printing step with the methacrylate groups of Gel-MA without compromising its activity. As a result, HRP becomes a fixed part of the hydrogel network and achieves higher stability inside the gel which results in a higher concentration and catalytic activity for a longer time than solely entrapping the protein inside the hydrogel. We also demonstrate the cytocompatibility of this enzyme bioink and show its printing capabilities for precise applications in the field of tissue engineering. Our approach offers a promising solution to enhance the bioactive properties of 3D-printed constructs, representing a critical step towards achieving functional biofabricated tissues.

Purchased from AmBeed: 85073-19-4

Product Details of LAP

CAS No. :	85073-19-4
Formula :	C₁₆H₁₆LiO₃P
M.W :	294.21
SMILES Code :	O=P(C(C1=C(C)C=C(C)C=C1C)=O)(C2=CC=CC=C2)[O-].[Li+]
Synonyms :	Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate
MDL No. :	MFCD29472537
InChI Key :	JUYQFRXNMVWASF-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Pubchem ID :	68384915

Safety of LAP

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302-H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:	P261-P280-P301+P312-P302+P352-P305+P351+P338

Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed
H304	May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
H305	May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways
H310	Fatal in contact with skin
H311	Toxic in contact with skin
H312	Harmful in contact with skin
H313	May be harmful in contact with skin
H314	Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
H315	Causes skin irritation
H316	Causes mild skin irritation
H317	May cause an allergic skin reaction
H318	Causes serious eye damage
H319	Causes serious eye irritation
H320	Causes eye irritation
H330	Fatal if inhaled
H331	Toxic if inhaled
H332	Harmful if inhaled
H333	May be harmful if inhaled
H334	May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled
H335	May cause respiratory irritation
H336	May cause drowsiness or dizziness
H340	May cause genetic defects
H341	Suspected of causing genetic defects
H350	May cause cancer
H351	Suspected of causing cancer
H360	May damage fertility or the unborn child
H361	Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
H361d	Suspected of damaging the unborn child
H362	May cause harm to breast-fed children
H370	Causes damage to organs
H371	May cause damage to organs
H372	Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
H373	May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
Environmental hazards
Code	Phrase
H400	Very toxic to aquatic life
H401	Toxic to aquatic life
H402	Harmful to aquatic life
H410	Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects
H411	Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects
H412	Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects
H413	May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life
H420	Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere

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CAS No.: 85073-19-4

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CAS No.: 85073-19-4

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