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Chemical Structure| 657-24-9 Chemical Structure| 657-24-9

Structure of Metformin
CAS No.: 657-24-9

Chemical Structure| 657-24-9

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Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) activates AMPK by inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, enhancing insulin sensitivity. It can be used in type 2 diabetes research and crosses the blood-brain barrier, inducing autophagy.

Synonyms: 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide

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Product Citations

Product Citations

Shinyoung Choi ;

Abstract: The groundbreaking Palladium/norbornene cooperative catalysis, also known as the Catellani reaction, was pioneered by Prof. Marta Catellani in 1997. This transformative reaction integrates the merits of traditional cross-coupling reactions and ortho-functionalization into a single process, offering a remarkably step-economical way to access complex polysubstituted aromatic compounds. Its versatility has proven invaluable to both organic chemists and material scientists alike. Within this dissertation, I explore my profound fascination with leveraging the Catellani reaction for methodology development in azaborine functionalization, and the synthesis of various materials such as dendrons and graphene nanoribbons. While engaging in the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons aimed for potential biomedical applications, my interest in graphene-based nanomaterials for such purposes grew stronger. Consequently, the final chapter of this dissertation offers a comprehensive review of graphene-based nanomaterials within the context of biomedical applications. Details

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Product Details of Metformin

CAS No. :657-24-9
Formula : C4H11N5
M.W : 129.16
SMILES Code : NC(NC(N(C)C)=N)=N
Synonyms :
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide
MDL No. :MFCD00242652

Safety of Metformin

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302
Precautionary Statements:P280-P305+P351+P338

Isoform Comparison

Biological Activity

In Vitro:

Cell Line
Concentration Treated Time Description References
Primary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 200 μM 12 days Metformin significantly reduced the number of SA-β-gal-positive cells in primary VSMCs and decreased p53, p21, and p16 protein levels. PMC9637479
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) 200 μM 72 h Metformin significantly reduced Ang II-induced senescence in VSMCs, decreased SA-β-gal activity, and reduced p53 and p21 protein levels. PMC9637479
Human CD8 T cells 2 mM 24-72 h Metformin reduced apoptosis and improved survival of human CD8 T cells under hypoxic conditions. PMC10163559
OT-1 CD8 T cells 2 mM 24-72 h Metformin improved the survival and function of OT-1 CD8 T cells under hypoxic conditions. PMC10163559
TCRP1A CD8 T cells 2 mM 24-72 h Metformin directly improved CD8 T-cell survival in hypoxia, reducing apoptosis and restoring cell proliferation. PMC10163559
Human skeletal muscle cells 0.1 and 2 mM 12 h Metformin dose-dependently increased the mRNA expression of myostatin. PMC8818615
C2C12 myotubes 0.01 - 2 mM 36 h Metformin increased the protein expression of myostatin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PMC8818615
C2C12 myotubes 2 mM 12 h Metformin increased the mRNA and protein expression of myostatin, indicating that metformin may induce muscle atrophy. PMC8818615
Astrocytes 0.2 mM 48 h Metformin significantly inhibited MPP+-induced astrocyte senescence, reduced SASP factor secretion, and decreased the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells. PMC10986112
Astrocytes 0.2 mM 24 h Metformin significantly inhibited α-Syn PFF-induced astrocyte senescence, reduced SASP factor secretion, and decreased the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells. PMC10986112
Hepatocytes 10 μM 96 h To investigate the effect of metformin on hepatocytes, results showed that metformin treatment led to AMPK and CCO upregulation, and increased cell death PMC9898507
BRL 3A cells 10 μM 48 h and 2 weeks To investigate the effect of metformin on BRL 3A cells, results showed that metformin treatment led to AMPK overactivation, CCO upregulation, and increased cell death PMC9898507

In Vivo:

Species
Animal Model
Administration Dosage Frequency Description References
BALB/c nude mice Subcutaneous xenograft tumor model Oral 250 mg/kg Every 3 days Evaluate the therapeutic effect of Metformin on prostate cancer PMC10427640
Mice C57BL/6 Oral 350 mg/kg Once daily for 6 months To investigate whether metformin can prevent and/or reverse ovarian fibrosis. Results showed that metformin treatment modulates the immune cells toward the emergence of a unique subpopulation of macrophages and prevents the establishment of age-associated ovarian fibrosis, likely by promoting ECM remodeling and the clearance of SASP-producing fibroblasts to maintain tissue homeostasis. PMC10848964
Mice Ang II-induced vascular senescence model Intragastric administration 150 mg/kg Once daily for 28 days Metformin significantly improved Ang II-induced vascular senescence, reduced arterial stiffness and vascular wall thickness, and decreased collagen accumulation. PMC9637479
Mice TiRP tumor model Drinking water 0.5 mg/mL Daily, for 20 days Metformin increased CD8 T-cell infiltration and survival in hypoxic tumor areas, enhancing tumor response to immunotherapy. PMC10163559
Mice C57BLKS/J-dbb and C57BL/6J mice Intraperitoneal injection 250 mg/kg Three times a week for 4 weeks Metformin-treated mice showed significantly increased mRNA expression of myostatin in GC muscles, indicating that metformin may impair muscle function via the AMPK-FoxO3a-HDAC6 axis. PMC8818615
Mice MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model Oral 100 mg/kg Once daily for 2 weeks Metformin significantly delayed astrocyte senescence in the MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model, reduced SASP factor secretion, and improved behavioral deficits. PMC10986112
Rats Sepsis-related liver injury model Gavage 100 mg/kg Once, lasted for 24 hours Metformin attenuated sepsis-related liver injury by modulating gut microbiota, improving liver inflammation and damage. PMC8928825
Rats ZDF rats and Lepr knockout rats Oral 50 mg/kg Once daily for 6 months To investigate the effect of metformin on ZDF rats and Lepr knockout rats, results showed that metformin led to liver damage and increased cell death in Lepr-defective rats PMC9898507
C57BL6/J mice Aged mouse model Oral gavage 100 mg/kg Once daily for 10 weeks To examine the effects of metformin treatment in late middle age on cognitive function in old age. The results showed that metformin treatment improved pattern separation, object location, and recognition memory function, reduced pathological microglial clustering, and enhanced autophagy in the hippocampus. PMC7884047

Clinical Trial:

NCT Number Conditions Phases Recruitment Completion Date Locations
NCT01685762 Endometrial Hyperplasia|Endome... More >>trial Hyperplasia Without Atypia Less << EARLY_PHASE1 COMPLETED 2015-12-01 The University of North Caroli... More >>na at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States|Southern Pines Women's Health Center, Southern Pines, North Carolina, 28388, United States|University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, United States Less <<
NCT00319293 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome UNKNOWN - -
NCT02984722 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome UNKNOWN - Catholic university of Sacred ... More >>Heart, Rome, 00168, Italy Less <<
NCT00463502 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 PHASE4 COMPLETED - -
NCT04925063 Metastatic Prostate Cancer PHASE2 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2027-08-31 Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer ... More >>Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China Less <<
NCT04926155 Metastatic Prostate Cancer PHASE2 UNKNOWN 2024-08-31 Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer ... More >>Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China Less <<
NCT06325956 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome|Metf... More >>ormin|Immune Function Less << RECRUITING 2026-07-01 Department of Endocrinology, S... More >>hanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, China Less <<
NCT01266486 Breast Cancer PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-05-14 Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer... More >> Treatment, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex, HA6 2RN, United Kingdom|Dept Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom|Surgery and Molecular Oncology Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom Less <<
NCT05418452 Horizontal Ridge Deficiency PHASE3 UNKNOWN 2023-06-15 AlAzhar universty, Cairo, 0444... More >>4, Egypt Less <<
NCT01442870 Cancer PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-11-14 Tufts Medical Center, Boston, ... More >>Massachusetts, 02111, United States Less <<
NCT03398356 PreDiabetes|Impaired Fasting G... More >>lucose (IFG)|Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) Less << PHASE4 COMPLETED 2019-04-30 NZOZ Nowy Dwór, Wroclaw, Lower... More >> Silesia, 54-438, Poland Less <<
NCT06326840 Metabolic Disturbance|Hyperpro... More >>lactinemia|Schizophrenia Less << COMPLETED 2011-06-10 Taipei Medical University-Wan ... More >>Fang Hospital, Taipei, 116, Taiwan Less <<
NCT06772857 Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance EARLY_PHASE1 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-01-30 Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
NCT06519786 Fanconi Anemia PHASE3 RECRUITING 2025-03-25 University of Alexandria, Alex... More >>andria, Egypt|Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt Less <<
NCT00670800 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome COMPLETED 2025-08-09 University of Michigan, Michig... More >>an Clinical Research Unit, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States Less <<
NCT02684578 Age-Related Macular Degenerati... More >>on|Macular Degeneration, Age-Related|Dry Macular Degeneration|Geographic Atrophy Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-10-22 University of California, Davi... More >>s, Davis, California, 95616, United States|Palo Alto Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, 94304, United States|Retinal Consultants Medical Group, Sacramento, California, 95819, United States|San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, 94121, United States|University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States|California Retina Consultants, Santa Maria, California, 93454, United States|North Bay Vitreoretinal Consultants, Santa Rosa, California, 95403, United States|Retina Health Center, Fort Myers, Florida, 33907, United States|Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States|University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States|Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, United States|Austin Retina Associates, Austin, Texas, 78705, United States Less <<
NCT01911247 Endometrial Cancer EARLY_PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-02-13 Lineberger Comprehensive Cance... More >>r Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States Less <<
NCT02895750 Renal Insufficiency, Chronic PHASE2 COMPLETED 2022-10-10 CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, 8... More >>0054, France Less <<
NCT02710448 Renal Disorder Associated With... More >> Type II Diabetes Mellitus Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-10-15 Service d'Endocrinologie, Mala... More >>dies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Amiens, 80054, France Less <<
NCT00930579 Breast Cancer PHASE2 COMPLETED 2017-01-09 Columbia University Irving Med... More >>ical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States Less <<
NCT00390273 Hyperlactatemia PHASE1|PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-10-07 Centre Hospitalier Universitai... More >>re de Grenoble, Grenoble cedex 9, 38043, France Less <<
NCT06429007 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopath... More >>y|HIE|Neurodevelopment|Infant Development Less << PHASE2 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2028-03-01 -
NCT00501787 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PHASE4 WITHDRAWN - Pugliese Hospital, Catanzaro, ... More >>Catanzaro, CZ, 88100, Italy Less <<
NCT01037660 Cardiovascular Disease EARLY_PHASE1 COMPLETED 2016-12-01 Boston Medical Center, Boston,... More >> Massachusetts, 02118, United States Less <<
NCT01341886 Malignant Neoplasm of Thyroid ... More >>Stage I|Malignant Neoplasm of Thyroid Stage II Less << COMPLETED 2025-04-11 Mashad University of Medical S... More >>ciences, Mashad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran, Islamic Republic of Less <<
NCT01750567 Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic L... More >>eukemia Less << PHASE2 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-12-24 University of Michigan Compreh... More >>ensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States Less <<
NCT03118128 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia COMPLETED 2017-04-30 -
NCT01366391 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PHASE4 UNKNOWN 2025-10-11 Biocinese, Toledo, Parana, 859... More >>03-590, Brazil Less <<
NCT06080802 Heart Failure With Preserved E... More >>jection Fraction|Diabete Type 2 Less << PHASE2|PHASE3 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2024-12-01 clinical research uint- El-she... More >>ikh zayed specialized hospital SMC- Egyptian Ministry of health, Cairo, Egypt Less <<
NCT05932251 Gestational Diabetes|Gestation... More >>al Diabetes Mellitus Less << RECRUITING 2025-12-31 Zuyderland Medisch Centrum, He... More >>erlen, 6419PC, Netherlands Less <<
NCT02500628 Fibromyalgia|Mitochondrial Dis... More >>eases|Movement Disorders|Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-02-16 Woodinville Psychiatric Associ... More >>ates, Woodinville, Washington, 98072, United States Less <<
NCT05929495 Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype|Met... More >>formin|Malignancies Less << PHASE2 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2026-01-01 Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Os... More >>pedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy Less <<
NCT04762966 Metformin Associated Lactic Ac... More >>idosis Less << UNKNOWN 2021-09-01 University Hospital of Nancy, ... More >>Vandoeuvre-les-nancy, 54000, France Less <<
NCT04332393 Pregnancy Preterm|Glycemic Con... More >>trol|Corticosteroids Induced Hyperglycemia Less << PHASE4 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-12-25 Baruch Padeh Medical center, P... More >>oriya, Tiberias, North, 15208, Israel|Emek medical center, Afula, Israel|Galilee medical center, Nahariya, Israel|Ziv medical center, Safed, Israel Less <<
NCT05326984 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia UNKNOWN 2025-12-23 Hospital General de México, Me... More >>xico City, 06720, Mexico Less <<
NCT03486626 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome|Anov... More >>ulatory Less << PHASE4 UNKNOWN 2025-10-18 Ain Shams University Maternity... More >> Hospital, Cairo, 1156, Egypt Less <<
NCT05280496 Diabetes, Gestational|PreDiabe... More >>tes|Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Less << PHASE3 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-01-25 Tufts Medical Center, Boston, ... More >>Massachusetts, 02111, United States Less <<
NCT05740345 New Approaches in INOCA COMPLETED 2021-01-15 -
NCT01566799 Locally Advanced Malignant Neo... More >>plasm Less << PHASE2 UNKNOWN 2025-04-14 Instituto Nacional Cancerologi... More >>, Mexico, Distrito Federal, 14080, Mexico Less <<
NCT03980990 Acute Coronary Syndrome|Unstab... More >>le Angina|Diabetes Mellitus|Metformin Adverse Reaction Less << PHASE4 UNKNOWN 2020-06-17 Royal University Hospital, Sas... More >>katoon, Saskatchewan, S7N0W8, Canada Less <<
NCT01910246 Insulin Resistance PHASE4 WITHDRAWN 2025-10-16 UCSF, Radiology and Biomedical... More >> Imaging, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States Less <<
NCT03053544 Rectal Neoplasm Carcinoma in S... More >>itu Adenocarcinoma Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2019-06-26 Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybro... More >>ok Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada Less <<
NCT05305898 Acute Coronary Syndrome PHASE3 RECRUITING 2025-12-25 Wielospecjalistyczny Szpital W... More >>ojewódzki w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Lubuskie, 66-400, Poland|Wojskowy Instytut Medyczny, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, 04-141, Poland|Oddzia? Kardiologii Szpitala ?w. Rafa?a, Kraków, Ma?opolskie, 30-693, Poland|Kluczborskie Centrum Kardiologii, Kluczbork, Opolskie, 46-200, Poland|Centrum Kardiologii Scanmed w Bielsku Podlaskim, Bielsk Podlaski, Podlaskie, 17-100, Poland|Centrum Kardiologii Scanmed w E?ku, E?k, Warmińsko-Mazurskie, 19-300, Poland|Centrum Kardiologii Scanmed w I?awie, I?awa, Warmińsko-Mazurskie, 14-202, Poland|Centrum Kardiologii Scanmed w Szczecinku, Szczecinek, Zachodniopomorskie, 78-400, Poland|Centrum Kardiologii Scanmed w Kutnie, Kutno, ?ódzkie, 99-320, Poland|Centrum Kardiologii Scanmed w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim, Tomaszów Mazowiecki, ?ódzkie, 97-200, Poland|Cz?stochowskie Centrum Kardiologii, Cz?stochowa, ?l?ske, 42-200, Poland|Chorzowskie Centrum Kardiologii, Chorzów, ?l?skie, 41-500, Poland|Raciborskie Centrum Medyczne, Racibórz, ?l?skie, 47-400, Poland|Sosnowieckie Centrum Kardiologii, Sosnowiec, ?l?skie, 41-219, Poland Less <<
NCT03570632 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1|Preg... More >>nancy in Diabetes Less << PHASE4 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-12-31 Magee Womens Hospital of UPMC,... More >> Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States Less <<
NCT01579812 Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and P... More >>rimary Peritoneal Cancer Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-07-17 University of Michigan, Ann Ar... More >>bor, Michigan, 48109, United States Less <<
NCT01486043 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia|H... More >>yperglycemia|Insulin Resistance|Diabetes Mellitus Less << TERMINATED 2025-05-13 Children's Hospital Los Angele... More >>s, Los Angeles, California, 90027, United States Less <<
NCT01677923 Obesity PHASE3 COMPLETED 2025-12-15 Rasa Verkauskiene, Kaunas, Eiv... More >>eniu str. 2, LT50009, Lithuania Less <<
NCT06120881 Type 2 Diabetes EARLY_PHASE1 RECRUITING 2025-12-31 UCSF Benioff Children's Hospit... More >>al Oakland, Pediatric Diabetes Clinic, Oakland, California, 94609, United States|UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco, Madison Clinic for Pediatric Diabetes, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States Less <<
NCT01400191 Pharmacogenetics of Metformin PHASE4 COMPLETED 2025-12-12 Clinical pharmacology, Institu... More >>te og public health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark Less <<
NCT04766008 Diabetes Mellitus|Coronary Art... More >>ery Disease|Lactic Acidosis With Diabetes Mellitus|Contrast-induced Nephropathy|Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis Less << PHASE4 UNKNOWN 2022-04-30 Humanitas Research Hospital, R... More >>ozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy Less <<
NCT03590262 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus|Metfo... More >>rmin Less << PHASE4 UNKNOWN 2019-09-30 Shenzhen People's Hospital, Sh... More >>enzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China Less <<
NCT01243385 Prostate Cancer PHASE2 COMPLETED 2019-08-09 Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, CH... More >>-5001, Switzerland|Universitaetsspital-Basel, Basel, CH-4031, Switzerland|Inselspital Bern, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland|Kantonsspital Graubuenden, Chur, CH-7000, Switzerland|Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzerne, CH-6000, Switzerland|Kantonsspital - St. Gallen, St. Gallen, CH-9007, Switzerland|Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, CH-8401, Switzerland|Onkozentrum, Zurich, 8038, Switzerland|UniversitaetsSpital Zuerich, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland Less <<
NCT00187681 Other Conditions That May Be A... More >> Focus of Clinical Attention Less << PHASE4 COMPLETED 2025-03-08 San Francisco General Hospital... More >>, San Francsico, California, 94143, United States Less <<
NCT01842620 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 PHASE4 COMPLETED 2013-05-04 -
NCT04947020 Rectal Cancer|Metformin|Overal... More >>l Survival|Lymph Node Metastases|Disease-free Survival Less << ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2024-12-31 1st Department of General Surg... More >>ery, Krakow, Malopolska, 31-501, Poland Less <<
NCT01228240 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 AND ... More >>Metformin Less << PHASE4 COMPLETED 2025-09-09 -
NCT06296836 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 PHASE4 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2026-06-30 University of Illinois at Chic... More >>ago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States Less <<
NCT02780024 Glioblastoma Multiforme PHASE2 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2026-02-28 Montreal Neurological Institut... More >>e - McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada Less <<
NCT01521624 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus COMPLETED 2025-09-11 Tehran University of Medical S... More >>ciences, Tehran, 13145-784, Iran, Islamic Republic of Less <<
NCT00391261 Schizophrenia|Schizoaffective ... More >>Disorder|Schizophreniform Disorder|Bipolar Disorder|Autism Spectrum Disorders Less << PHASE4 COMPLETED 2025-10-07 Cambridge Health Alliance, Med... More >>ford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States Less <<
NCT02848950 Infertility Female PHASE2 UNKNOWN 2025-07-17 -
NCT05708053 Elective Percutaneous Coronary... More >> Intervention|Ischemic Reperfusion Injury Less << PHASE3 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-12-24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo Uni... More >>versity, Cairo, Egypt|Kasr El Aini Hospital, Cairo, Egypt|Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo, Egypt Less <<
NCT02026869 PCOS EARLY_PHASE1 UNKNOWN 2025-02-14 Women's Health Hospital, Assiu... More >>t, 71516, Egypt Less <<
NCT00247117 Liver Diseases UNKNOWN 2025-08-05 Institute of Endocrinology, Ka... More >>plan Medical Center, Rehovot, 76100, Israel Less <<
NCT01869621 Type 2 Diabetes PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-10-14 Clinical Pharmacology, Odense ... More >>C, 5000, Denmark Less <<
NCT02848508 Renal Insufficiency, Chronic PHASE2 WITHDRAWN 2017-06-07 CHU Amiens, Amiens, 80054, Fra... More >>nce Less <<
NCT02083692 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Ca... More >>ncer Less << EARLY_PHASE1 COMPLETED 2017-04-06 Thomas Jefferson University, P... More >>hiladelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, United States Less <<
NCT05553704 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases PHASE2 RECRUITING 2025-12-20 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura ... More >>University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt Less <<
NCT01926769 Previously Treated Advanced Co... More >>lorectal Cancer Less << PHASE2 TERMINATED 2025-12-14 Gachon University Gil Medical ... More >>Center, Incheon, Korea, Republic of Less <<
NCT01077479 Metabolic Syndrome|Hypercholes... More >>terolemia Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-06-13 Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New... More >> South Wales, 2145, Australia Less <<
NCT03722290 Fragile X Syndrome PHASE2 COMPLETED 2020-11-01 Université de Sherbrooke, Sher... More >>brooke, Quebec, J1H 5H3, Canada Less <<
NCT01352026 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertensio... More >>n Less << PHASE2 WITHDRAWN - CHU de Nantes, Nantes, 44093, ... More >>France|CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33604, France Less <<
NCT00325910 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2|Hear... More >>t Failure, Congestive Less << PHASE3 TERMINATED 2025-05-07 Misericordia Hospital, Edmonto... More >>n, Alberta, T5R 4H5, Canada|University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada Less <<
NCT04792749 Endometrial Cancer Stage I PHASE3 RECRUITING 2024-03-31 Samsung Medical Center, Seoul,... More >> 06351, Korea, Republic of Less <<
NCT02086526 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PHASE1 COMPLETED 2016-11-20 Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Roch... More >>ester, Minnesota, 55905, United States Less <<
NCT06405971 Dissecting Aneurysm of Cerebra... More >>l Artery Less << RECRUITING 2025-06-01 Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beij... More >>ing, Beijing, 100010, China Less <<
NCT06015594 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome COMPLETED 2022-05-01 -
NCT00279240 Diabetes PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-12-04 Diabetes Research Centre & MV ... More >>Hospital for Diabetes, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600013, India Less <<
NCT04377451 Dengue|Viral Infection|Metform... More >>in|Anti-inflammatory Agents|Obesity|Overweight Less << PHASE1|PHASE2 COMPLETED 2023-08-01 Hospital for Tropical Diseases... More >>, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Less <<
NCT01677897 Metastatic Prostate Cancer PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-06-18 Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur... More >>, Graubünden, 7000, Switzerland Less <<
NCT01043965 Type 2 Diabetes PHASE1|PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-08-09 -
NCT06479434 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome|Insu... More >>lin Resistance Less << RECRUITING 2025-12-30 DBBS, Karachi, Sind, 74800, Pa... More >>kistan Less <<
NCT06728982 Rectal Cancer Patients PHASE1|PHASE2 RECRUITING 2025-11-25 Minia Oncology Center, Minya, ... More >>61512, Egypt|Minia University Hospital, Minya, 61512, Egypt Less <<
NCT06766201 Apical Periodontitis PHASE4 RECRUITING 2025-01-31 Ambika Tekta, Rohtak, Haryana,... More >> 124001, India Less <<
NCT01084486 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disea... More >>se Less << PHASE1|PHASE2 COMPLETED - Wolfson Medical Center, Holon,... More >> 58100, Israel Less <<
NCT04523363 Prediabetes; Complicating Preg... More >>nancy Less << PHASE4 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2026-06-30 University of Massachusetts Me... More >>morial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States Less <<
NCT02498522 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome EARLY_PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-03-16 Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams... More >> University, Cairo, Al Qahirah, Egypt Less <<
NCT05574387 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases PHASE2 RECRUITING 2025-04-27 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura ... More >>University, Mansoura, 7650001, Egypt Less <<
NCT02279758 Well-differentiated Neuroendoc... More >>rine Tumors Less << PHASE2 UNKNOWN - Instituto do Cancer do Estado ... More >>de S?o Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil Less <<
NCT06199544 Comparative Study PHASE1 RECRUITING 2024-12-01 Shifa ul mulk memorial hospita... More >>l, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Less <<
NCT01215032 Prostate Cancer PHASE2 TERMINATED 2025-01-15 Massachusetts General Hospital... More >>, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States|Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States|Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States Less <<
NCT02376166 Prostate Cancer COMPLETED 2025-12-16 Icahn School of Medicine at Mo... More >>unt Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, United States Less <<
NCT06096454 Hypothyroidism|Insulin Resista... More >>nce Less << PHASE4 NOT_YET_RECRUITING 2024-10-30 -
NCT01237522 Metformin|Organic Cation Trans... More >>porter 2|Polymorphism,Single Nucleotide Less << PHASE4 COMPLETED 2025-12-10 Institute of Public Health, Cl... More >>inical Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark Less <<
NCT01594697 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome COMPLETED - Catholic University of Sacred ... More >>Heart, Rome, 00168, Italy Less <<
NCT04489147 Infertility COMPLETED 2020-11-27 Faculty of medicine, Cairo, Eg... More >>ypt Less <<
NCT05988684 PsA (Psoriatic Arthritis) PHASE4 RECRUITING 2025-10-25 The Chinese University of Hong... More >> Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Less <<
NCT00317928 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome UNKNOWN 2025-09-04 -
NCT00588172 Type 2 Diabetes PHASE4 WITHDRAWN 2025-06-11 -
NCT01440127 Colon Cancer PHASE1 TERMINATED 2025-10-12 Tufts Medical Center, Boston, ... More >>Massachusetts, 02111, United States Less <<
NCT01718340 Abortion, Habitual PHASE4 WITHDRAWN 2025-06-14 Women's Health Hospital, Assiu... More >>t, Egypt Less <<
NCT02460354 Diabetes Insipidus PHASE1 TERMINATED 2025-06-17 Childen's Healthcare of Atlant... More >>a, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States|Emory University Hospital - Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute (ACTSI), Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States|Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States Less <<
NCT02931253 Atrial Fibrillation PHASE2 TERMINATED 2018-07-10 The Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pen... More >>nsylvania, 18840, United States Less <<
NCT02712619 Healthy PHASE1 COMPLETED - -
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NCT04741945 Preleukemia|Myelodysplastic Ne... More >>oplasm|Cytopenia|Preleukemic Anemia Less << PHASE2 RECRUITING 2025-02-26 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Co... More >>penhagen N, 2200, Denmark Less <<
NCT02659306 HIV Infection PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-02-20 Chronic Viral Illness Service,... More >> McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada Less <<
NCT03510390 Head and Neck Cancer|Oral Cavi... More >>ty Squamous Cell Carcinoma Less << COMPLETED 2021-11-15 Inselspital, Bern University H... More >>ospital, Bern, 3010, Switzerland Less <<
NCT01681680 Healthy PHASE1 COMPLETED 2025-10-13 -
NCT00134303 Obesity PHASE4 COMPLETED 2006-03-31 University Hospital Ghent, Ghe... More >>nt, 9000, Belgium Less <<
NCT04089813 Postoperative Chronic Pain UNKNOWN 2020-12-31 The Affiliated Hospital of Xuz... More >>hou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China Less <<
NCT03379909 Superficial Bladder Cancer|Bla... More >>dder Cancer Less << PHASE2 RECRUITING 2029-10-01 RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, Gelderla... More >>nd, Netherlands|Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands|Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands Less <<
NCT01205672 Endometrial Cancer EARLY_PHASE1 COMPLETED 2017-05-28 Lyndon B. Johnson General Hosp... More >>ital, Houston, Texas, 77026, United States|University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States Less <<
NCT02972723 Chronic Hepatitis C Infection PHASE4 COMPLETED 2025-12-11 Secondary care Hepatitis clini... More >>c at Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom Less <<
NCT03086733 Non Small Cell Lung Cancer|Lun... More >>g Cancer Less << PHASE2 COMPLETED 2025-08-20 Toronto General Hospital, Toro... More >>nto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada|Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada Less <<
NCT05847244 Diastolic Dysfunction|Obesity PHASE2 RECRUITING 2024-12-01 Cairo University Hospitala, Ca... More >>iro, Egypt|Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt Less <<
NCT01573949 Diabetes|Heart Failure COMPLETED 2025-12-12 Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy C... More >>enter, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States Less <<
NCT04151459 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome|Seve... More >>re Obesity|Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Less << UNKNOWN 2022-01-15 Renji Hospital Affiliated to S... More >>hanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China Less <<
NCT06266598 Childhood Obesity|Insulin Resi... More >>stance Less << PHASE4 COMPLETED 2021-10-27 Erciyes University, Kayseri?, ... More >>Melikgazi, 38030, Turkey Less <<
NCT04566718 PCOS COMPLETED 2020-02-01 University Medical Center Ljub... More >>ljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia Less <<
NCT04930471 Autistic Disorder UNKNOWN 2025-12-23 Lindenhofgruppe, Berne, 3012, ... More >>Switzerland Less <<
NCT00897884 Breast Cancer COMPLETED 2025-07-11 Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto,... More >> Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada|Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada Less <<
NCT00845936 Drug Induced Weight Gain PHASE4 UNKNOWN 2025-05-10 Beer-Yaacov MHC, Beer Yaacov, ... More >>70350, Israel Less <<
NCT04220021 C9orf72 Amyotrophic Lateral Sc... More >>lerosis (ALS)|Frontotemporal Dementia Less << PHASE2 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING 2025-06-30 UF Health at the University of... More >> Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States Less <<
NCT01422746 Obesity|Hyperandrogenemia|Poly... More >>cystic Ovary Syndrome Less << EARLY_PHASE1 RECRUITING 2025-12-24 University of Virginia Center ... More >>for Research in Reproduction, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, United States Less <<
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NCT03086005 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PHASE3 COMPLETED 2015-07-23 Asan Medical Center, Seoul, So... More >>ngpa-gu, 05505, Korea, Republic of Less <<

Protocol

Bio Calculators
Preparing Stock Solutions 1mg 5mg 10mg

1 mM

5 mM

10 mM

7.74mL

1.55mL

0.77mL

38.71mL

7.74mL

3.87mL

77.42mL

15.48mL

7.74mL

Dissolving Methods
Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn:

in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day;

The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound.
Protocol 1
Protocol 2
The prepared working fluid is recommended to be prepared now and used up as soon as possible in a short period of time. The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound.
Protocol 1

References

 

Historical Records

Categories