TRP channels are a large class of non-selective cation channels, including several subfamilies such as TRPV (thermo-sensitive), TRPM (melastatin-related), and TRPA (related to apple acid), among others. They form tetrameric structures composed of four subunits and are located on various cell membranes, participating in the perception of temperature, pain, taste, and other physiological and pathological processes. TRP channels mediate the influx of calcium and sodium ions, activating intracellular signaling pathways and influencing cell function. Each TRP channel exhibits specific expression patterns in different cells or tissues, and gene mutations are associated with various diseases such as neuropathic pain, hereditary fever syndromes, and taste loss.