Abstract: Sepsis-induced liver injury (SILI) is a serious complication of septicemia and contributes to high rates of patient death. SILI is characterized by excessive hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to inflammatory response activation and the release of inflammatory mediators that yield liver damage. Efforts to design drugs that can mitigate oxidative stress and inflammatory factor production are thus vital to protecting patients against SILI. Nevertheless, effective pharmacological interventions for SILI therapy are currently absent. Here, natural superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic carbon dots (G-CDs), derived from the traditional medicine plant Glycyrrhiza, with robust ROS-scavenging activity were designed and synthesized as a novel treatment for SILI. These G-CDs possess abundant surface hydroxyl and carbonyl groups such that they can effectively mediate SOD-like enzyme activity exceeding 13340 U/mg to alleviate ROS overproduction and associated inflammation. In a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced SILI, these G-CDs effectively reduced hepatic inflammation, oxidative injury, and tissue damage. From a mechanistic perspective, these G-CDs were found to preserve liver integrity through the activation of Keap1/Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent inflammation, thereby reducing the levels of hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress. In summary, these results highlight the promise of G-CDs as therapeutic candidates capable of treating SILI by mitigating oxidative stress-associated liver injury.

Keywords: Sepsis ; Carbon Dots ; ROS ; Nanozyme ; Keap-1/Nrf2 pathway

Purchased from AmBeed: 4091-99-0

Green hydrothermal valorization of Rosa damascena Mill. floral waste into functional carbon dots for anti-inflammatory nanomedicine

Liu, Zhi-Fang ; Wang, Jiang-Hui ; Wang, Cheng-Peng ; Wang, Qi ; Li, Jian ; Han, Chen-Jing , et al.

DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122115 Ind. Crop. Prod.,2025,236,122115.

Abstract: The industrial production of rose essential oil via steam distillation generates substantial quantities of Rosa damascena floral residues, posing an ecological burden while remaining an underutilized source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to develop a sustainable valorization strategy by converting such floral wastes into functional carbon dots (rose residue–derived carbon dots, RR-CDs) with potential applications in anti-inflammatory nanotherapeutics. Rose residue–derived carbon dots were synthesized using a simple one-pot hydrothermal method and comprehensively characterized, revealing them to be monodisperse, fluorescent nanoparticles with an average diameter of 3.43 nm and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. The resulting carbon dots exhibited robust antioxidant properties, including high superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity (9252 U/mg) and more than 85 % hydroxyl radical scavenging at 200 μg/mL. In vitro and zebrafish models demonstrated that carbon dots effectively scavenged intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), preserved mitochondrial function, and inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In a murine sepsis-induced liver injury model, prophylactic treatment with the carbon dots reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST]), histopathological damage, and immune cell infiltration, while enhancing glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression. Notably, high-dose carbon dots demonstrated efficacy comparable to that of dexamethasone, without detectable cytotoxicity or organ toxicity. These findings highlight a circular bioeconomy approach that transforms rose floral waste into high-value nanotherapeutics, offering a sustainable platform for addressing inflammatory diseases.

Keywords: Agricultural waste valorization ; Carbon dots ; Floral residues ; Sustainable nanotechnology ; Anti-inflammatory agents

Purchased from AmBeed: 4091-99-0

Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury

Wang, Lei ; Li, Zhong-Yao ; Zhong, Chong-Lei ; Teng, Zi-Yang ; Wang, Bin ; Rehman, Asma , et al.

DOI: 10.1186/s13020-025-01103-3 PubMed ID: 40217355 Chin. Med.,2025,20(1):49.

Abstract: Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening infectious disease characterized by an uncontrolled infammatory response and consequent multi-organ dysfunction. The kidneys, as primary excretory organs with high blood fow, are particularly susceptible to damage during sepsis. Nonetheless, the existing treatment options for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) are still restricted. Nanomedicine, especially carbon dots (CDs), has attracted considerable interest lately for outstanding biomedical characteristics. Methods: To avoid the generation of toxic efects, the natural CDs derived from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (Z-CDs) were synthesized employing a hydrothermal method. The free radical scavenging capabilities of Z-CDs were evaluated by utilizing ABTS assay, NBT method, and Fenton reaction. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell model was used to explore the therapeutic potential of Z-CDs on cellular oxidative stress and infammation. The CuSO₄-induced zebrafsh infammation model and LPS-exposed SA-AKI mouse model were employed to assess the therapeutic efcacy of Z-CDs in vivo. Results: The synthesized Z-CDs exhibited distinctive unsaturated surface functional groups, which confer exceptional biocompatibility and the ability to scavenge free radicals. Moreover, Z-CDs were particularly efective in eliminating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, thus protecting mitochondrial function from oxidative damage. Notably, Z-CDs have demonstrated signifcant therapeutic benefts in protecting kidney tissue in SA-AKI mouse model with minimizing side efects. In mechanism, Z-CDs efectively reduced ROS production, thereby alleviating infammatory responses in macrophages through the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions: This study developed a multifunctional nanomedicine derived from traditional medicinal herb, providing a promising pathway for the advancement of innovative drug therapies to treat SA-AKI.

Keywords: Sepsis ; Acute kidney injury ; Carbon dots ; Phytochemicals ; Antioxidant ; NF-κB pathway

Purchased from AmBeed: 4091-99-0

Nanochirality-programmed Type-I photosensitizer enables deep-tumor photodynamic therapy by reducing extracellular-matrix adhesion

Liu, Yichen ; Kim, Gaeun ; Zhu, Runyao ; Jeon, Hyunsu ; Wang, Yichun ;

DOI: 10.1101/2025.10.01.679807 bioRxiv,2025.

Abstract: Tumor hypoxia and poor penetration of therapeutics across tumor-microenvironment barriers remain major obstacles to effective cancer therapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here we introduce a nanochirality-programmed assembly (L-Chi-GAIN) in which nanochirality drives site-selective assembly that activates oxygen-independent Type-I reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reduces hyaluronan-mediated matrix adhesion, thereby permitting deep intratumoral therapy. Glycosylation imparts structural chirality to graphene quantum dots (GQDs), directing site-selective assembly of indocyanine green (ICG) that turns on photoinduced electron transfer (PET), producing a 64-fold increase in ROS relative to free ICG. Nanochirality also modulates assembly–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. L-GQDs show a less favorable hyaluronan binding free energy (ΔG_bind), thus accelerating interstitial transport and resulting in ∼21-fold deeper tumor penetration by L-Chi-GAIN than conventional nanocarriers. Under near-infrared irradiation, L-Chi-GAIN elicits strong oxidative stress and triggers Gasdermin-D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis, leading to significant suppression of tumor growth. This work offers a nanochirality-guided design strategy for PDT in deep tumors by coupling site-selective assembly with stereoselective navigation of the ECM.

Keywords: Graphene quantum dot ; Solid tumor ; Type-I reactive oxygen species ; Chirality ; Extracellular matrix

Purchased from AmBeed: 147867-65-0 ; 3599-32-4 ; 494-38-2 ; 4091-99-0 ; 63-89-8

Product Details of H2DCFDA

CAS No. :	4091-99-0
Formula :	C₂₄H₁₆Cl₂O₇
M.W :	487.29
SMILES Code :	O=C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1C2C3=C(OC4=C2C=C(Cl)C(OC(C)=O)=C4)C=C(OC(C)=O)C(Cl)=C3
Synonyms :	DCFH-DA; 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; DCFH
MDL No. :	MFCD00128955
InChI Key :	PXEZTIWVRVSYOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :	77718

Safety of H2DCFDA

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:	P261-P305+P351+P338

Application In Synthesis of H2DCFDA

* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.

Downstream synthetic route of [ 4091-99-0 ]

[ 4091-99-0 ] Synthesis Path-Downstream 1~8

1
[ 4091-99-0 ]
[ 18362-80-6 ]

References: [1]Analytical Chemistry,1981,vol. 53,p. 2110 - 2114.
[2]Angewandte Chemie - International Edition,2006,vol. 45,p. 4013 - 4015.
[3]ACS Catalysis,2018,vol. 8,p. 59 - 62.
[4]Chemistry - An Asian Journal,2019,vol. 14,p. 4352 - 4357.

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[ 106070-31-9 ]

Yield	Reaction Conditions	Operation in experiment
	With rose bengal maleimide; sodium hydroxide; at 20.0℃; for 0.5h;	Production of ROS was detected using 20,70-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) (Wako). H2DCF-DA (10 mM) wasfirst treated with NaOH (10 mM) for 30 min at room temperature to generate H2DCF, which is a ROS indicator that can be rapidly oxidized to generate highly fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein. H2DCF (10 lM) and rose bengal (10 lM) were mixed in100 lL T buffer and loaded on a MicroWell 96-well optical bottom plate (Nunc, Rochester, NY, USA) or on a glass (12-mm)-bottomed dish (IWAKI). The solution was irradiated with US (1 MHz, dutycycle 30%, 0.3 W/cm2) using a Sonitron2000V equipped with anUS probe (/ 6-mm). After irradiation, fluorescence spectra were measured at an excitation wavelength of 492 nm using an FP-6600 spectrofluorometer (Jasco).

References: [1]Angewandte Chemie - International Edition,2006,vol. 45,p. 4013 - 4015.
[2]Photochemistry and Photobiology,2008,vol. 84,p. 1238 - 1243.
[3]Photochemistry and Photobiology,2013,vol. 89,p. 432 - 441.
[4]Photochemistry and Photobiology,2014,vol. 90,p. 596 - 608.
[5]PLoS ONE,2014,vol. 9.
[6]RSC Advances,2016,vol. 6,p. 15929 - 15936.
[7]Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry,2017,vol. 25,p. 4212 - 4217.
[8]European Journal of Organic Chemistry,2019,vol. 2019,p. 3534 - 3541.
[9]Chemistry - An Asian Journal,2019,vol. 14,p. 4352 - 4357.

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[ 4091-99-0 ]
[ 76-54-0 ]