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Chemical Structure| 3520-43-2 Chemical Structure| 3520-43-2
Chemical Structure| 3520-43-2

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JC-1 (CBIC2) is an ideal fluorescent probe widely used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. JC-1 accumulates in mitochondria in a potential-dependent manner and is used to detect membrane potential in cells, tissues, or purified mitochondria. In normal mitochondria, JC-1 aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix to form a polymer that emits strong red fluorescence (Ex=585nm, Em=590nm). When the mitochondrial membrane potential is low, JC-1 cannot aggregate and produces green fluorescence (Ex=514nm, Em=529nm).

Synonyms: CBIC2; NK 1420

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Product Citations

Product Citations

Lockhart, Steven ; Babu, Dinesh ; Tran, Newton H ; Reiz, Béla ; Tonoyan, Lusine ; Siraki, Arno G

Abstract: 6-PPD (N-[1,3-dimethylbutyl]-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) is an industrial antioxidant reported to be an environmental contaminant. It was found to be highly toxic to coho salmon and potentially other aquatic organisms. The toxicity of 6-PPD in humans, however, remains unknown. The neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is known to catalyze xenobiotic metabolism; therefore, its role in 6-PPD cytotoxicity was investigated using the MPO-rich HL-60 cell line. UV−visible spectroscopy and liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were performed to investigate the MPO-mediated oxidation of 6-PPD and identify possible metabolites in the absence and presence of (GSH). 6-PPD’s cytotoxicity, effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and GSH-depleting ability in HL-60 cells were assessed. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to determine radical formation using DMPO, and mitochondrial-derived superoxide was assessed with the mito-TEMPO-H probe. Evaluation of the 6- PPD-induced cellular injury pathways was performed by preincubating an antioxidant and an MPO inhibitor with HL-60 cells. UV−vis analysis of MPO-catalyzed oxidation of 6-PPD demonstrated changes in the 6-PPD spectrum, whereas the addition of altered the spectrum, indicating possible conjugate formation. LC/MS showed the formation of multiple products, including GSH-6-PPD conjugates and a conjugate to a (a known 6-PPD degradant), which could potentially induce cytotoxicity. 6-PPD demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, and cellular levels were decreased by 6-PPD. Similarly, the level of MMP decreased, suggesting mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, the EPR spin probe for mitochondrial superoxide showed a positive relationship with 6-PPD concentration, and EPR spin-trapping demonstrated 6-PPD concentration-dependent radical signal intensity using MPO/H2O2. The precursor, NAC, demonstrated partial cytoprotection against 6-PPD; however, the MPO inhibitor surprisingly showed no significant cytoprotective effect. Our results suggest that MPO could be a potential catalyst for 6-PPD toxicity in humans. However, MPO inhibition did not significantly affect cellular viability, suggesting an MPO-independent toxicity pathway. These findings warrant a deeper investigation to determine 6-PPD mammalian toxicity pathways.

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Product Details of JC-1

CAS No. :3520-43-2
Formula : C25H27Cl4IN4
M.W : 652.23
SMILES Code : CC[N+]1=C(/C=C/C=C2N(CC)C3=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C3N2CC)N(CC)C4=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C41.[I-]
Synonyms :
CBIC2; NK 1420
MDL No. :MFCD00188475

Safety of JC-1

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302-H315-H319
Precautionary Statements:P501-P270-P264-P280-P302+P352-P337+P313-P305+P351+P338-P362+P364-P332+P313-P301+P312+P330
 

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