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Chemical Structure| 298-81-7 Chemical Structure| 298-81-7

Structure of Methoxsalen
CAS No.: 298-81-7

Chemical Structure| 298-81-7

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Methoxsalen is a furanocoumarin and an active compound of a traditional Egyptian medicinal plant Ammi majus L, whose juice/fruit has been used for many years in folk phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo or a hyperproliferative skin disorder, psoriasis. It is a potent suicide inhibitor of CYP (cytochrome P-450), is an agent used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight.

Synonyms: 8-Methoxypsoralen; Xanthotoxin; Oxsorale

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Product Citations

Product Citations

Boyao Zhang ; George-Eugen Maftei ; Bartosz Bartmanski ; Michael Zimmermann ;

Abstract: Organic carcinogens, in particular DNA-reactive compounds, contribute to the irreversible initiation step of tumorigenesis through introduction of genomic instability. Although carcinogen bioactivation and detoxification by human enzymes has been extensively studied, carcinogen biotransformation by human-associated bacteria, the microbiota, has not yet been systematically investigated. We tested the biotransformation of 68 mutagenic carcinogens by 34 bacterial species representative for the upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract and found that the majority (41) of the tested carcinogens undergo bacterial biotransformation. To assess the functional consequences of microbial carcinogen metabolism, we developed a pipeline to couple gut bacterial carcinogen biotransformation assays with Ames mutagenicity testing and liver biotransformation experiments. This revealed a bidirectional crosstalk between gut microbiota and host carcinogen metabolism, which we validated in gnotobiotic mouse models. Overall, the systematic assessment of gut microbiota carcinogen biotransformation and its interplay with host metabolism highlights the gut microbiome as an important modulator of exposome-induced tumorigenesis.

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Product Details of Methoxsalen

CAS No. :298-81-7
Formula : C12H8O4
M.W : 216.19
SMILES Code : O=C1C=CC2=C(O1)C(OC)=C(OC=C3)C3=C2
Synonyms :
8-Methoxypsoralen; Xanthotoxin; Oxsorale
MDL No. :MFCD00005009
InChI Key :QXKHYNVANLEOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :4114

Safety of Methoxsalen

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302-H317-H341-H351
Precautionary Statements:P201-P202-P261-P264-P270-P272-P280-P301+P312+P330-P302+P352-P308+P313-P333+P313-P405-P501

Isoform Comparison

Biological Activity

In Vitro:

Cell Line
Concentration Treated Time Description References
human liver microsomes 1 μM 15 min To evaluate the inhibitory activity of Methoxsalen on CYP2A6 as a positive control. J Med Chem. 2018 Aug 23;61(16):7065-7086.
HepG2 cells 20 μM To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Methoxsalen on CYP2A13 and CYP2A6 J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Jul 24;67(29):8243-8252.
H. zea fatbody cells 18.5 μM 48 h To confirm the xanthotoxin inducibility of CYP321A1 in H. zea fatbody cells, results showed that CYP321A1 transcription was highly induced in H. zea fatbody cells. Sci Rep. 2014 Sep 29;4:6490.

In Vivo:

Species
Animal Model
Administration Dosage Frequency Description References
Mice Models of depression and memory learning Intraperitoneal injection 15 mg/kg Single injection, tested 48 hours later To investigate if Methoxsalen prolongs the antidepressant and procognitive effects of nicotine. Results showed that Methoxsalen in combination with nicotine significantly prolonged the antidepressant and procognitive effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 Jun;233(12):2289-300

Clinical Trial:

NCT Number Conditions Phases Recruitment Completion Date Locations
NCT00045305 - Completed - -
NCT00724061 Lymphoma Not Applicable Terminated(Closed early due to... More >> poor accrual.) Less << - United States, Illinois ... More >> Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center at Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611-3013 Less <<
NCT00045305 Leukemia Myel... More >>odysplastic Syndromes Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Less << Phase 2 Completed - United States, Arizona ... More >> Mayo Clinic Scottsdale Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, 85259-5499 United States, Florida Mayo Clinic - Jacksonville Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32224 United States, Massachusetts Tufts-NEMC Cancer Center Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02111 United States, Minnesota Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905 United States, Ohio Jewish Hospital Cancer Center Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45236 United States, Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104-4283 Less <<
NCT01402414 Atopic Dermatitis Not Applicable Terminated(Difficulties with t... More >>he Recruitement) Less << - Germany ... More >> Department of Dermatology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, NRW, Germany, 44791 Less <<
NCT00005092 Leukemia Lymp... More >>homa Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Neoplasm Myelodysplastic Syndromes Less << Phase 1 Completed - United States, Illinois ... More >> University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612 United States, Missouri Washington University Barnard Cancer Center Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110 United States, Texas University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas, United States, 77030-4009 Less <<
NCT01824368 Liver Transplantation ... More >> Immunosuppression Less << Phase 1 Phase 2 Completed - Spain ... More >> University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca El Palmar, Murcia, Spain, 30120 Less <<
NCT02296346 Secondary Progressive Multiple... More >> Sclerosis Less << Phase 1 Suspended(PI Changed sites and... More >> we are waiting to open it at the new site.) Less << - United States, Michigan ... More >> University of Michigan Health Systems Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109 Less <<
NCT00724061 - Terminated(Closed early due to... More >> poor accrual.) Less << - -
NCT03083574 Refractory Chronic Graft Versu... More >>s Host Disease (cGVHD) Less << Phase 2 Recruiting September 2023 Belgium ... More >> Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Recruiting Antwerpen, Belgium, 2060 Contact: Pierre Zachee, MD, PhD    32-3-2177111    pierre.zachee@zna.be    Principal Investigator: Pierre Zachee, MD, PhD          AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Recruiting Brugge, Belgium, 8000 Contact: Dominik Selleslag, MD    32-50-453060    dominik.selleslag@azbrugge.be    Contact: Tom Lodewyck, MD    32-50-453060    tom.lodewyck@azbrugge.be    Principal Investigator: Dominik Selleslag, MD          Sub-Investigator: Tom Lodewyck, MD          Institut Jules Bordet Recruiting Brussels, Belgium, 1000 Contact: Philippe Lewalle, MD, PhD    32-2-5417208    philippe.lewalle@bordet.be    Principal Investigator: Philippe Lewalle, MD, PhD          Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen Recruiting Edegem, Belgium, 2650 Contact: Zwi Berneman, MD, PhD    32-3-2204111    zwi.berneman@uza.be    Principal Investigator: Zwi Berneman, MD, PhD          Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent Not yet recruiting Gent, Belgium, 8000 Contact: Lucien Noens, MD, PhD    32-9-3323464    Lucien.Noens@Ugent.be    Contact: Tessa Kerre, MD, PhD    32-9-3323464    Tessa.Kerre@Ugent.be    Principal Investigator: Tessa Kerre, MD, PhD          Sub-Investigator: Lucien Noens, MD, PhD          Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Recruiting Jette, Belgium, 1090 Contact: Rik Schots, MD, PhD    32-2-4763105    Rik.Schots@uzbrussel.be    Contact: Ann De Becker, MD    32-2-4763105    Ann.Debecker@uzbrussel.be    Principal Investigator: Rik Schots, MD, PhD          Sub-Investigator: Ann De Becker, MD          CHU Liège Recruiting Liège, Belgium, 4000 Contact: Yves Beguin, MD, PhD    32-4-3667201    yves.beguin@chu.ulg.ac.be    Contact: Frédéric Baron, MD, PhD    32-4-3667201    F.Baron@ulg.ac.be    Principal Investigator: Yves Beguin, MD, PhD          Sub-Investigator: Frederic Baron, MD, PhD          Sub-Investigator: Evelyne Willems, MD          Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Recruiting Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium, 1200 Contact: Xavier Poiré, MD    32-2-7641809    Xavier.Poire@uclouvain.be    Principal Investigator: Xavier Poiré, MD Less <<
NCT00265603 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Phase 1 Terminated - United States, New Jersey ... More >> Morristown Memorial Hospital Morristown, New Jersey, United States, 07962-1956 Less <<
NCT00179855 Graft Versus Host Disease ... More >> Cancer Stem Cell Transplantation Less << Phase 2 Phase 3 Unknown July 2012 United States, Illinois ... More >> Children's Memorial Hospital Recruiting Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60614 Contact: Morris Kletzel, MD    773-880-4562    MKletzel@childrensmemorial.org Less <<
NCT01460914 - Active, not recruiting October 2050 United States, New Hampshire ... More >> Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States, 03756 Less <<
NCT02631993 - Completed - Sweden ... More >> Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm, Sweden, 14186 Less <<
NCT01559584 Alopecia Areata Not Applicable Completed - Egypt ... More >> Dermatology department - faculty of medicine- Cairo University Cairo, Egypt Less <<
NCT02090621 Hepatic Insufficiency Phase 2 Completed - Spain ... More >> Jose Antonio Pons, MD Murcia, El Palmar, Spain, 30120 Less <<
NCT00402714 Hematologic Malignancies Phase 2 Completed - United States, Connecticut ... More >> Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center at Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520 United States, Massachusetts Tufts-New England Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02111 United States, Texas Methodist Hospital - Texas Transplant Institute San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78229 Less <<
NCT00157001 Stable Angina Pectoris ... More >> Unstable Angina Pectoris Silent Ischemia Less << Phase 2 Terminated - United States, New Jersey ... More >> Morristown Memorial Hospital Morristown, New Jersey, United States, 07962-1956 Less <<
NCT00402714 - Completed - -
NCT03361254 Graft Versus Host Disease Not Applicable Not yet recruiting September 30, 2018 -
NCT03204721 Graft-Versus-Host Disease Not Applicable Recruiting December 31, 2020 Norway ... More >> Tobias Gedde-Dhl Recruiting Oslo, Norway Contact: Tobias Gedde-Dahl, MD, PhD    +47 915 20 292    tgeddeda@ous-hf.no    Contact: Maryan M Ali, MD    +47 995 52 805    maryan0007@hotmail.com Less <<
NCT03109353 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, Uns... More >>pecified Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease in Skin Less << Phase 1 Phase 2 Recruiting September 2020 Norway ... More >> St Olavs Hospital Recruiting Trondheim, Norway Contact: Eidi Christensen, md phd       eidi.christensen@ntnu.no Less <<
NCT02796898 Prostate Cancer ... More >> Rising Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Less << Phase 1 Phase 2 Recruiting December 31, 2019 United States, New Jersey ... More >> AdvanceMed Research Completed Lawrence, New Jersey, United States, 08648 United States, New York Montefiore Medical Center- Montefiore Medical Park Not yet recruiting Bronx, New York, United States, 10461 Contact: Gartrell Benjamin, MD    718-405-8404    bgartrel@montefiore.org    Eastchester Center for Cancer Care Recruiting Bronx, New York, United States, 10469 Contact: Carmen Vicuna    718-732-4078    cvicuna@nycancer.com    AccuMed Research Associates Recruiting Garden City, New York, United States, 11530-1664 Contact: Tammi Allegra, RN    516-746-2190    tallegra.accumedresearch@gmail.com    United States, Pennsylvania MidLantic Urology Recruiting Bala-Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, United States, 19004 Contact: Cheryl A Zinar, RN, BSN    610-667-0458       Principal Investigator: Laurence H Belkoff, DO Less <<
NCT00639717 - Completed - -
NCT00030589 Lymphoma Phase 2 Unknown - United States, Alabama ... More >> University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294-3300 United States, Arkansas University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 72205 United States, California Stanford University Medical Center Stanford, California, United States, 94305 United States, Colorado University of Colorado Health Science Center Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80010-0510 United States, Florida H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa, Florida, United States, 33612-9497 United States, Illinois Northwestern University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611 Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612 United States, Louisiana Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70112 Slidell, Louisiana, United States, 70459-0059 United States, Massachusetts Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02118-2393 United States, Michigan Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201-1379 Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202 United States, New York StonyBrook Dermatology Associates, P.C. East Setauket, New York, United States, 11733 St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center - Roosevelt Division New York, New York, United States, 10019 United States, Ohio Ireland Cancer Center Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106-5065 United States, Tennessee Knoxville Dermatology Group, P.C. Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 37920 United States, Texas Simmons Cancer Center - Dallas Dallas, Texas, United States, 75235-9154 University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas, United States, 77030-4009 Tyler, Texas, United States, 75703 Less <<
NCT03605940 Acute-graft-versus-host Diseas... More >>e Less << Phase 2 Not yet recruiting April 1, 2022 -
NCT00004359 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisit... More >>a Less << Phase 2 Completed - -
NCT00639717 Graft Versus Host Disease Phase 2 Completed - United States, Michigan ... More >> University of Michigan Cancer Center Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109 Less <<
NCT03512756 Pancreatic Cancer Phase 2 Recruiting December 31, 2019 -
NCT00056355 Crohn Disease Phase 1 Completed - United States, Maryland ... More >> National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892 Less <<
NCT00630903 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Myc... More >>osis Fungoides) Less << Phase 4 Terminated(Insufficient accrua... More >>l) Less << - Spain ... More >> Hospital Príncipe de Asturias. Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Hospital Universitario de Getafe Getafe, Madrid, Spain Hospital de la Princess Madrid, Spain, 28009 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain, 28041 Fundación Jiménez Díaz Madrid, Spain Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain Hospital Gómez Ulla Madrid, Spain Hospital La Paz Madrid, Spain Hospital Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Spain Less <<
NCT02322190 Chronic Graft vs. Host Disease... More >> Graft vs Host Disease Graft-Versus-Host Disease Less << Phase 2 Suspended October 1, 2027 United States, Maryland ... More >> National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892 Less <<
NCT00002011 HIV Infections COMPLETED - Morristown Memorial Hosp, Morr... More >>istown, New Jersey, 07962, United States Less <<
NCT02181257 - Active, not recruiting December 2018 United States, Alabama ... More >> University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35226 United States, California University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States, 92093 United States, Indiana Indiana University Health Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202 United States, Iowa University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242 United States, Michigan University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109 United States, Minnesota University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455 United States, Missouri Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110 United States, New York Columbia University New York, New York, United States, 10032 United States, Ohio The Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44195 United States, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213 Less <<
NCT00054613 Graft-versus-Host Disease Phase 2 Completed - -
NCT01174940 Stem Cell Leukemia of Unclear ... More >>Lineage Graft Versus Host Disease Less << Early Phase 1 Completed - United States, Kansas ... More >> University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas, United States, 66160 Less <<
NCT00533195 Atopic Dermatitis Phase 3 Completed - Austria ... More >> Medical University of Vienna; University Clinic of Dermatology; Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology Vienna, Austria, 1090 Less <<
NCT00056056 Lymphoma Phase 3 Terminated(poor accrual) - -
NCT00221000 Rheumatoid Arthritis Phase 2 Completed - -
NCT00930566 Hematological Malignancies Phase 1 Phase 2 Unknown September 2015 France ... More >> Centre de Santé - Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Active, not recruiting Lyon, France, 69003 Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'Hématologie Recruiting Lyon, France, 69003 Contact: Aline Praire    +33472117396    aline.praire@chu-lyon.fr    Principal Investigator: Mauricette Michallet, Professor Less <<
NCT00157027 HIV Infections Phase 1 Withdrawn April 2010 -
NCT01686594 Patch/Plaque Stage Mycosis Fun... More >>goides Less << Phase 3 Completed - Austria ... More >> Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria, 8010 Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria, A-6020 Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of the City of Linz Linz, Austria, A-4021 Department of Dermatology, Hospital Salzburg - Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Austria, A-5020 Department of Dermatology, County Hospital St. Pölten St. Pölten, Austria, A-3100 Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria, A-1090 Department of Dermatology, Hospital Hietzing Vienna, Austria, A-1130 Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Wels Wels, Austria, A-4600 Department of Dermatology, County Hospital Wiener Neustadt Wiener Neustadt, Austria, A-2700 Less <<
NCT00282503 Acute Graft-versus-Host Diseas... More >>e Less << Phase 3 Terminated(Lack of recruitment... More >>) Less << - -
NCT01380535 Chronic Graft Versus Host Dise... More >>ase Less << Phase 1 Completed - -
NCT00811005 Pustular Palmoplantar Psoriasi... More >>s Less << Phase 3 Unknown October 2010 Austria ... More >> Medical University of Vienna; University Clinic of Dermatology; Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology Vienna, Austria, 1180 Less <<
NCT03563040 Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous ... More >> Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome Less << Phase 2 Not yet recruiting June 1, 2025 Switzerland ... More >> UniversitaetsSpital Zurich - Division of Dermatology Not yet recruiting Zürich, Switzerland Principal Investigator: Emmanuella Guenova Less <<
NCT00054600 Graft-versus-Host Disease Phase 2 Completed - United States, Florida ... More >> University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32611 United States, Illinois University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637 United States, Massachusetts Tufts New England Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02111 United States, Missouri Kansas City Cancer Center Kansas City, Missouri, United States, 64111 United States, Ohio Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44195 United States, Texas Texas Transplant San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78229 Australia Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane, Australia, 4006 Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute East Melbourne, Australia, 8006 Alfred Hospital Melbourne, Australia Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville, Australia, 3050 St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Australia, 2010 Brazil Hospital Azevedo Carvalho Jau, Brazil National Cancer Institute Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Hemocentro Sao Paulo, Brazil Germany Ludwig-Maximiliano Universitaet Muenchen Munchen, Germany, D-81377 Italy Careggi Hospital Florence, Italy, 1-50134 San Martino Hospital Genova, Italy, 16132 Portugal Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil Lisbon, Portugal, 1099-023 Slovakia National Cancer Institute Bratislava, Slovakia Turkey Ankara University Medical School Ankara, Turkey, 6100 United Kingdom Hammersmith Hospital London, United Kingdom, W12 0NN Less <<
NCT00221026 Crohn's Disease Phase 2 Completed - United States, Maryland ... More >> NIH Bethesda, Maryland, United States Metropolitian Gastroenterology Group Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States United States, New Jersey Morristown Memorial Hospital Morristown, New Jersey, United States United States, New York Mount Sinai Medical Center New York, New York, United States Austria General Hospital of Vienna Vienna, Austria Belgium Hospital Erasme/ULB Brussels, Belgium UZ Leuven Leuven, Belgium Germany Universitat St Josef Bochum, Germany Krankenhaus Duren gem.GmbH Duren, Germany Universitatsklinik Essen Essen, Germany Universitatsklinikum Jena, Germany Universitatsklinikum Mannheim Mannheim, Germany University Hospital Munich-Grosshadem Munich, Germany Klinikum Oldenberg Oldenburg, Germany Medizinische Universitatsklinik Ulm Ulm, Germany Less <<
NCT02524847 Steroid Refractory Acute Graft... More >> Versus Host Disease Less << Phase 3 Recruiting January 2022 -
NCT00221039 Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma ... More >> Mycosis Fungoides Less << Phase 4 Completed - United States, Illinois ... More >> Rush-Presbyterian Hospital Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612 United States, Massachusetts Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02118 United States, Minnesota University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455 United States, Ohio University Hospital of Cleveland/Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106 United States, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213 United States, Tennessee Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232 United States, Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas, United States, 77030 Less <<

Protocol

Bio Calculators
Preparing Stock Solutions 1mg 5mg 10mg

1 mM

5 mM

10 mM

4.63mL

0.93mL

0.46mL

23.13mL

4.63mL

2.31mL

46.26mL

9.25mL

4.63mL

Dissolving Methods
Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn:

in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day;

The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound.
Protocol 1
Protocol 2

References

 

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