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The BI-3802 was designed by Boehringer Ingelheim and could be obtained free of charge through the Boehringer Ingelheim open innovation portal opnMe.com, associated with its negative control.
Levulinic acid is used as a precursor for pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and various other additives.
Synonyms: 4-Oxovaleric acid; NSC 3716
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Batch number can be found on the product's label following the word 'Batch'.
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Search for reports by entering the product batch number.
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CAS No. : | 123-76-2 |
Formula : | C5H8O3 |
M.W : | 116.12 |
SMILES Code : | C(C(C)=O)CC(O)=O |
Synonyms : |
4-Oxovaleric acid; NSC 3716
|
MDL No. : | MFCD00002796 |
InChI Key : | JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 11579 |
GHS Pictogram: |
![]() ![]() |
Signal Word: | Danger |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H317-H318 |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P264-P270-P272-P280-P301+P312+P330-P302+P352-P305+P351+P338+P310-P333+P313-P501 |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
88 %Chromat. | With caesium carbonate In toluene for 2 h; | General procedure: Esterification of levulinic acid was carried out in a 50mL round bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser. In a typical catalytic reaction the catalyst (40mg) was added to a mixture of levulinic acid and ethanol with the molar ratio of LA: alcohol=1:8 (ethanol acts as reagent cum solvent) and the mixture was magnetically stirred at 333K for 2h. A portion of the reaction mixture was separated after the scheduled reaction time through filtration and the filtrate was then analyzed through the gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame-ionized detector and a capillary column. All compounds were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data (1H NMR) and by comparison with those reported in the literature. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
86% | With C4H6N2*3H2O4S; at 25℃; for 5h; | General procedure: In a typical procedure, levulinic acid (14.7mmol, 1.0 eq.), ionic liquid(0.01-1.0 eq.) and alcohol (1.0-3.0 eq.) were placed in a round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. The mixture was stirred vigorously under pre-set reaction conditions (750 rpm,5-120 h, at 0, 25, 50 or 100 C). The progress of the reaction was monitoredby GC and TLC analyses. In most cases, a biphasic system wasformed, and the upper organic phase, containing excess of alcohol andester, was decanted. In a few cases of incomplete separation of the organicphase, the esters were isolated by extractionwith hexane or chloroform.The excess alcohol (and solvent, if used) was evaporated underreduced pressure. The procedure for cetyl levulinate synthesis, required dissolution of the solid cetyl alcohol in diisopropyl ether before reaction. |
With sulfuric acid; In toluene;Reflux; | Example 7; A 2 L two-neck flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar, a Dean-Stark trap, and a thermocouple was charged with 232.52g (2.002mol) levulinic acid (obtained from the Langfang Triple Well Chemicals Company, Ltd. of Langfang City, HeBei, China), 241.52g (4.019 mol) n-propanol (>;99.8%, obtained from the Sigma-Aldrich Company of St. Louis, MO), 600 mL toluene, and 2 mL cone, sulfuric acid. The reaction was heated on a heating mantle to reflux. After refluxing overnight, total amount of 42.7 mL of water was collected and removed from the Dean-Stark trap. The reaction flask was allowed to cool to room temperature. Then 100 g basic alumina (obtained from the Sigma-Aldrich Company of St. Louis, MO) was added to the reaction solution and stirred for about 80 minutes. The solids were then filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator with the filtrate in a flask immersed in an oil bath set to 750C and 15 Torr vacuum to remove toluene and n- propanol. The residue was distilled on the rotary evaporator in a flask immersed in an oil bath set to 110-120C and 15 Torr vacuum to yield 284.48 g colorless liquid in the catch flask. The product was determined by GC-MS to be 99.51% n-propyl levulinate.The procedure of Example 1 was used to generate a profile of boiling points using n-propanol and n-propyl levulinate. The measured boiling points are shown in Table 3.Table 3. Boiling points of n-propanol/n-propyl levulinate mixtures. A 500 niL four-neck flask was equipped with a magnetic stir bar, a dropping funnel, a condenser, and a thermocouple. The flask was charged with 100.02g (0.632mol) n-propyl levulinate (synthesized from levulinic acid as described above), 16.48g (0.274mol) n-propanol, 1.463 mL deionized water, and 0.575 mL cone, sulfuric acid. The mixture was heated with a heating mantle to a temperature at 1200C. A mixture of 49.07g (0.495mol) furfuryl alcohol (99%, obtained from Acros Organics of Geel, Belgium) and 43.06g (0.716 mol) n-propanol was added to the reaction mixture dropwise over about 117 minutes. The reaction was refluxed for additional 1 hour after addition was complete. Then the reaction flask was allowed to cool to room temperature. The crude reaction mixture appeared to be homogeneous, with no insoluble or phase-separated material observed. About 50.1O g of the reaction mixture was transferred to a 250 mL flask and distilled using a Kugelrohr apparatus at about 4-8 Torr and an air bath temperature of up to about 1790C.After distillation, total amount of undistillable solid left in the flask was 1.16 g, which contained 0.25 g sulfuric acid and 0.91 g of a tarry residue. Ratio of the amount of tarry residue formed in the reaction to the amount of furfuryl alcohol added was 7.8%. GC-MS analysis of the crude reaction product was carried out as for Example 2 and showed that n-propyl levulinate was present at 99.1%. | |
With tungsten oxide doped mesoporous silica-16 catalyst; at 250℃;Inert atmosphere; Flow reactor; | General procedure: The catalytic activity tests were conducted in fixed bed down flow reactor (14 mm id and 300 mm length) at atmospheric conditions. In a typical experiment about 0.5 g of the catalyst was mixed with same amount of quartz particles and sandwiched between two plugs at the centre of the reactor. Before the catalytic run, the catalyst was preheated in N2 flow (30 mL min-1)at 250C for 1 h. The liquid feed with required molar ratio of levulinic acid and alcohol was fed at a flow rate of 1 mL/h using syringe feed pump (M/s. B. Braun, Germany). The product mixture collected from an ice cooled trap was analyzed by FID equipped GC-17A (M/s. Shimadzu Instruments, Japan) with EB-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.53 mm × 5.0 m) and confirmed by GC-MS, QP-2010 (M/s. Shimadzu Instruments, Japan) with EB-5 MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 m). |
With heteropoly acid on silicalite 1 possesing intracrystalline nanovoids; at 100℃; for 5h;Catalytic behavior; | The esterification reaction was carried out in a double-necked RBflask fitted with a reflux condenser and CaCl2 tube. 50 mmol of LA and250 mmol of alcohol were taken in the RB flask and then heated todesired temperature using a silicone oil bath fitted with digital temperaturecontroller and stirrer. After achieving the desired temperature,the weighed quantity of catalyst was added into the mixture. Beforeaddition, the catalyst was pre-activated at 200 C for 2 h under nitrogenflow and then cooled down to room temperature in a desiccator.Quantification of levulinic acid present in reaction mixture was done byusing a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC 2010 plus, RTX-1 capillarycolumn, length 30 m, 0.32 mm ID, film thickness 0.5 μm) by internalstandard method. n-Nonane was used as an internal standard and it wasadded into the reaction mixtures after completion of the reaction. Theproducts were confirmed by gas chromatograph coupled with massspectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Clarus 680 Clarus 600 (Electron ionization).The propanol ester of LA, propyl levulinate was isolated by thefollowing procedure: The reaction mixture after filtration of the catalyst was added into 15 ml dichloromethane followed by washing with 50 mlwater. The washing was repeated for three times. After washing, thecontents were dried using MgSO4 and then propyl levulinate was separatedby evaporating the solvent using a rotary evaporator. Thestructure of the product, propyl levulinate was confirmed by 1H and 13CNMR spectra (Bruker FT-NMR 400 MHz) and GC-MS analysis. Turnoverfrequency (TOF) was calculated using the following formula under theconditions which give less than 50% conversion of LA as mentionedbelow:TOF =Number of moles of acid sites/(moles of LA converted × reactiontime in hours)Conditions for measuring TOF values: Catalyst = HPA/Sil-1,temperature = 100 C, 1-propanol/LA mole ratio= 5, catalystweight = 50 mg, reaction time = 5 h, conversion =46%;Catalyst = HPA/Sil-1, temperature = 100 C, 1-propanol/LA moleratio = 5, catalyst weight =100 mg, reaction time = 5 h, conversion= 31%. | |
88%Chromat. | With caesium carbonate; In toluene; for 2h; | General procedure: Esterification of levulinic acid was carried out in a 50mL round bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser. In a typical catalytic reaction the catalyst (40mg) was added to a mixture of levulinic acid and ethanol with the molar ratio of LA: alcohol=1:8 (ethanol acts as reagent cum solvent) and the mixture was magnetically stirred at 333K for 2h. A portion of the reaction mixture was separated after the scheduled reaction time through filtration and the filtrate was then analyzed through the gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame-ionized detector and a capillary column. All compounds were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data (1H NMR) and by comparison with those reported in the literature. |
87.9%Chromat. | With divinylbenzene-triallylamine-based porous organic polymer functionalized with sulfonic acid; at 115℃; for 2.33333h; | General procedure: Catalytic experiments were performed in 10ml round-bottomflask, which was coupled with a reflux condenser usingthe following general procedure. Typically, the PDVTASO3Hcatalyst was added into the mixture of levulinic acid(LA, 10mmol) and n-butanol (100mmol). Then the reactionstarted at the desired reaction temperature for a certaintime. After reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled downto room temperature. The products were analyzed quantitativelyby Shimadzu GC-2014 gas chromatograph (GC).The gas chromatograph was equipped with a HP-5 capillarycolumn (30m length, 0.32mm internal diameter, 0.50mfilm thickness) and a fame ionization detector (FID). Thetemperatures of the injection port, the oven and the detectorwere set to 250C, 180C, and 250C, respectively. Themixture in the reaction solution was detected by GC-MS, a Shimadzu GC system equipped with a capillary (30mlength, 0.32mm internal diameter, 0.25m film thickness). |
With O40PW12(3-)*6H2O*1.5Sn(2+); at 59.84℃; for 6h; | General procedure: The catalytic reactions were carried in a glass reactor (50 mL) fittedwith a refllux condenser and sampling septum. The solutions weremagnetically stirred and heated in an oil bath. Typically, the solid acidcatalyst (ca. 0.6 mol %) was added to the solution of the alkyl alcohol(ca. 144 mmol) and heated at the reaction temperature. Afterward, theLA (ca. 8 mmol) was added, and the reaction was started, being monitoredby GC analyses of the samples collected at regular time intervals(Shimadzu 2014 plus GC, FID, CP-WAX capillary chromatographic column(25 m ×0.32 mm x0.30 μm).Dodecane was internal standard (ca. 0.1 mL). The plotting of GC peakareas of the substrate and main products in their calibrating curvesallowed calculating the conversion and the checking the reaction massbalance. | |
With phosphotungstic acid encapsulated within hyper-cross linked hollow microporous polylactide-b-polystyrene polymer nanospheres; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 120℃; for 4.5h; | General procedure: All catalysts were dried in a 110 C oven for 2 h before use and allcatalytic reactions were carried out in a 10 mL two-neck flask connectedto a reflow device with a water separator. Briefly, 0.9 mol% HPWcatalyst, 1 mmol acetic acid, 1.5 mmoL n-butanol and 1.5 mL toluenewere added to the reaction bottle, and reflux stirred at 110 C for 4 h.The yield was calculated by GC analysis. The catalyst was washed threetimes with ethanol and placed in a 100 C oven overnight for the nextcycle. In addition, the other specific esterification reaction conditionsare as shown in the Table 1. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
18% | In diethyl ether; at 20℃; | To a stirred solution of levulinic acid (2.8 g, 19.5 mmol) in 65 mL of ether at 0° C. was slowly added methyl magnesium bromide (3M, 13 mL, 39 mmol). The resulting solution was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. The solution was cooled to 0° C., decomposed with 50percent sulfuric acid, extracted with ether, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to give 5,5-dimethyl-dihydro-furan-2-one (400 mg, 18percent) as a brown oil. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With hydrogenchloride; In water; for 18.0h;Heating / reflux; | A mixture of the compound of Preparation 102 (10.0 g, 92.5 mmol) and the compound of Preparation 101 (9.9 ml, 92.5 mmol) in hydrochoric acid (6N, 100 ml) was heated at reflux for 18 h. Charcoal (5 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The mixture was filtered through Arbocel and the filtrate was adjusted to pH 9 by addition of ammonia solution. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was re-crystallized from ethyl acetate:diethyl ether and the solid was washed with diethyl ether to give the title compound (4.5 g). 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 2.17-2.22 (3H), 3.01-3.08 (2H), 3.12-3.19 (2H), 7.17-7.24 (2H), 7.48-7.56 (2H) |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With hydrogen; at 199.84℃; under 30003.0 Torr; for 4h;Autoclave;Catalytic behavior; | In a typical reaction, the batch autoclave reactor was loaded with catalyst, substrate, and solvent, purged three times with argon after which the reaction mixture was heated to reaction temperature and charged with H2 to 40 bar. This was taken as the starting point of the reaction. After the reaction was cooled to room temperature, the H2 was released, and 2 wtpercent anisole was added as internal standard. The catalyst was separated by centrifugation, filtration, and finally washed with acetone. The reaction products were analyzed using a Shimadzu GC-2010A gas chromatograph equipped with a CP-WAX 57-CB column (25 m × 0.2 mm × 0.2 mum) and FID detector. Products were identified with a GC?MS from Shimadzu with a CP-WAX 57CB column (30 m × 0.2 mm × 0.2 mum). The gas-phase reaction products were analyzed by an online dual channel Varian CP4900 micro-GC equipped with a COX column and TCD detector, for analysis of H2, CO2, CO, and CH4. Dioxane runs were performed with 10 wtpercent levulinic acid (2.5 g, 21.5 mmol) in dioxane (22.5 g) over a series of 1 wtpercent Ru catalysts (0.3 g) containing different supports. The reactions were run in a 50 mL Parr batch autoclave at a temperature of 473 K for 4 h using a hydrogen pressure 40 bar and a stirring speed of 1600 rpm. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid runs were performed with 10 wtpercent levulinic acid (6.0 g, 51.7 mmol) in 2-ethylhexanoic acid (54 g) with 1 wtpercent Ru catalysts (0.6 g). The reactions were run in 100 mL Parr batch autoclave at a temperature of 473 K for 10 h using a hydrogen pressure 40 bar and a stirring speed of 1600 rpm. 1 mL of solution was sampled at various intervals during the reaction. Reactions with intermediates GVL (2.2 g, 21.5 mmol) or PEA (2.2 g, 21.5 mmol) in EHA (22.8 g) were conducted with 0.3 g of catalyst in the 50 mL Parr batch autoclave. Finally, neat LA runs were performed with LA (20 g, 172 mmol) over 1 wtpercent Ru catalysts (0.3 g or 0.5 g). The reactions were run in a 50 mL Parr batch autoclave at a temperature of 473 K for 4 h and 10 h using a hydrogen pressure 40 bar and a stirring speed of 1600 rpm. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
11%Spectr. | With formic acid; dodecacarbonyl-triangulo-triruthenium; at 120℃; for 12h; | General procedure: In a typical experiment, a 25-mL Schlenk flask equipped with a Rotaflo valve and a magnetic stirrer was charged with 0.760 g of LA (6.54 mmol), 5 mg (Ru3CO12, 0.007 mmol), 3.27 mmol of amine (alkyl, aryl amine) and 315 mg of FA (6.54 mmol) at room temperature. This was heated at 120 C for 12 h. The mixture eventually dissolved in THF and was analyzed by CG-MS. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
12%Spectr.; 9%Spectr.; 5%Spectr. | With toluene-4-sulfonic acid; for 20h;Reflux; | General procedure: To a 25-mL Schlenk flask equipped with a Rotaflo valve and a magnetic stirrer was charged 2-alkynylaniline (0.26 mmol), 1.5 equiv. of p-toluenesulfonic monohydrate, 2.6 equiv. of LA and 3 mL of ethanol. The solution was stirred for 20 h in ethanol reflux in an oil bath. The mixture was then dissolved in THF and analyzed by GC-MS. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
In methanol; hexane; at 199.84℃; for 0.25h;Autoclave; Inert atmosphere; Ionic liquid;Kinetics; Catalytic behavior; | Cellulose degradation is carried out in a 150 mL stainlessautoclave as a batch reactor. Typically, 5 g cellulose, desig-nated amount of cooperative ILs (20 g bmimCl and 3.5 mmolC4H8SO3HmimHSO4), 10 mL methanol and 80 mL hexane are addedto the reactor. After displacing the air in the reactor with nitro-gen, the reactor is heated and kept at designated temperature for15 min, and then the mixture of IL and products are cooled to roomtemperature for separation.The product from the cellulose degradation forms two phasesin a separating funnel, and is first separated. The heavy componentfraction is then exacted by hexane for three times to remove theresidual volatile chemical in the IL. By collecting the extract andthe upper phase product, the hexane-soluble fraction is obtained.After a sequence of IL removal operations (extracted by CH2Cl2) anddilution with methanol, the nonvolatile product from the cellulosedissolution and degradation process is obtained as the methanol-soluble fraction. The volatile components are determined with agas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The molecularweight distribution of the methanol-soluble fraction is measuredwith a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and the particle sizeof this fraction was measured with the Malvern analysis |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
74% | With acetic acid; for 4h;Reflux; | General procedure: Compound 1 (10 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (30 mL), andlevulinic acid (15 mmol) was added to the stirred solution which wasthen refluxed for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixturewas poured into water (200 mL) and then the solution was treated with30% sodium hydroxide to slight acidity (pH = 5-6). The precipitatedsolid was filtered off, recrystallised from ethanol and dried in vacuo togive compound 2. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
98.3% | With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide; In dichloromethane; at 0 - 20℃;Inert atmosphere; | In nitrogen protection, 0 C conditions, <strong>[84605-18-5]cycloastragenol</strong> (300 mg, 0.61 mmol), DMAP (160 mg, 1.22 mmol) and levulinic acid (350 mg, 3.06 mmol) were dissolved in dry dichloromethane (9 mL) and DCC (630 mg, 3.06 mmol) was added to the system. The system was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred until the TLC trace showed complete reaction of the starting material. The reaction was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with 1 mol / l HCl, saturated sodium bicarbonate, saturated NaCl and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The reaction mixture was suction filtered, and the crude product was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to obtain Compound 2 (413 mg, 98.3%). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
80.99% | Add 100kg of levulinic acid and 1000L of carbon tetrachloride to the reactor.After adding 176 kg of sodium bromide and stirring, slowly add 260 kg of hydrogen peroxide solution.Heat to 60C for 2.5 hours, add water to wash, and separate organic phase.The aqueous phase treats the wastewater. To the organic phase, 75 kg of ammonium dithiocarbamate, 1000 kg of water, and 22 kg of sodium carbonate were directly added for the cyclization reaction.The aqueous phase is acidified with pH=1.5, obtaining2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid 132 kg, purity 99.92%,Yield 80.99%. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With ruthenium supported on montmorillonite K10; at 120℃; under 30003 Torr;Autoclave; | General procedure: 160ml, Parr). Autoclave was flled with an appropriateamount of catalyst (10wt% in case of Ru catalysts, 20wt%in case of Ni catalysts, based on levulinic acid), levulinicacid (10g, Merck, 98%), internal standard-mesitylene(0.8g, Acros Organics, 99%) and 100ml of solvent-toluene,1,4-dioxane, heptane, cyclohexane, methanol, propan-2-ol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, ethyl acetate (all Penta, p.a.),ethanol (Penta, 96.5%) or butan-2-ol (Lachema, 99%). Samplestaken during the reaction were centrifuged and analyzedusing gas chromatograph coupled with mass detector(Shimadzu 2010 Plus, GCMS-QP2010 Ultra) equipped withnonpolar column DB-5. Injector temperature was 250C,the programmed temperature program ranged from 80C to250C using rate 10Cmin-1, detector voltage was 0.8kVand ion source had temperature 220C. Experiments wererepeated two times and the error between these two measurementswas not higher than 8%. Reuse experiment: reactionmixture was centrifuged, catalyst was separated and washed3 times with toluene (10ml). Wet catalyst was mixed withfresh reactants and the reaction was performed as usual. |
Tags: 123-76-2 synthesis path| 123-76-2 SDS| 123-76-2 COA| 123-76-2 purity| 123-76-2 application| 123-76-2 NMR| 123-76-2 COA| 123-76-2 structure
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P391 | Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment |
P301 + P310 | IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P301 + P312 | IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. |
P301 + P330 + P331 | IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P302 + P334 | IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P302 + P350 | IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P303 + P361 + P353 | IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower. |
P304 + P312 | IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P304 + P340 | IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P304 + P341 | IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P305 + P351 + P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P306 + P360 | IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P307 + P311 | IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P308 + P313 | IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. |
P309 + P311 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P332 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P333 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P335 + P334 | Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P337 + P313 | IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. |
P342 + P311 | IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P370 + P376 | In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so. |
P370 + P378 | In case of fire: |
P370 + P380 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. |
P370 + P380 + P375 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
P371 + P380 + P375 | In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
Storage | |
Code | Phrase |
P401 | |
P402 | Store in a dry place. |
P403 | Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P404 | Store in a closed container. |
P405 | Store locked up. |
P406 | Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner. |
P407 | Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets. |
P410 | Protect from sunlight. |
P411 | |
P412 | Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF. |
P413 | |
P420 | Store away from other materials. |
P422 | |
P402 + P404 | Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container. |
P403 + P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. |
P403 + P235 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. |
P410 + P403 | Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P410 + P412 | Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF. |
P411 + P235 | Keep cool. |
Disposal | |
Code | Phrase |
P501 | Dispose of contents/container to ... |
P502 | Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling |
Physical hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H200 | Unstable explosive |
H201 | Explosive; mass explosion hazard |
H202 | Explosive; severe projection hazard |
H203 | Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard |
H204 | Fire or projection hazard |
H205 | May mass explode in fire |
H220 | Extremely flammable gas |
H221 | Flammable gas |
H222 | Extremely flammable aerosol |
H223 | Flammable aerosol |
H224 | Extremely flammable liquid and vapour |
H225 | Highly flammable liquid and vapour |
H226 | Flammable liquid and vapour |
H227 | Combustible liquid |
H228 | Flammable solid |
H229 | Pressurized container: may burst if heated |
H230 | May react explosively even in the absence of air |
H231 | May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature |
H240 | Heating may cause an explosion |
H241 | Heating may cause a fire or explosion |
H242 | Heating may cause a fire |
H250 | Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air |
H251 | Self-heating; may catch fire |
H252 | Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire |
H260 | In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously |
H261 | In contact with water releases flammable gas |
H270 | May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer |
H271 | May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer |
H272 | May intensify fire; oxidizer |
H280 | Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated |
H281 | Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury |
H290 | May be corrosive to metals |
Health hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H300 | Fatal if swallowed |
H301 | Toxic if swallowed |
H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
H303 | May be harmful if swallowed |
H304 | May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways |
H305 | May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways |
H310 | Fatal in contact with skin |
H311 | Toxic in contact with skin |
H312 | Harmful in contact with skin |
H313 | May be harmful in contact with skin |
H314 | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage |
H315 | Causes skin irritation |
H316 | Causes mild skin irritation |
H317 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
H318 | Causes serious eye damage |
H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
H320 | Causes eye irritation |
H330 | Fatal if inhaled |
H331 | Toxic if inhaled |
H332 | Harmful if inhaled |
H333 | May be harmful if inhaled |
H334 | May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
H336 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness |
H340 | May cause genetic defects |
H341 | Suspected of causing genetic defects |
H350 | May cause cancer |
H351 | Suspected of causing cancer |
H360 | May damage fertility or the unborn child |
H361 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
H361d | Suspected of damaging the unborn child |
H362 | May cause harm to breast-fed children |
H370 | Causes damage to organs |
H371 | May cause damage to organs |
H372 | Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
H373 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Environmental hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H400 | Very toxic to aquatic life |
H401 | Toxic to aquatic life |
H402 | Harmful to aquatic life |
H410 | Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H411 | Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H412 | Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H413 | May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
H420 | Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere |
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