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Electrostatically Enhanced 3-and 4-Pyridyl Borate Salt Nucleophiles and Bases
Stephen H. Dempsey ; Alex Lovstedt ; Steven R. Kass JOC,2023,88(15):10525-10538. DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00523 PubMed ID: 37462157
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Abstract: A variety of electrostatically enhanced 3- and 4-pyridylborate salt catalysts are reported and show significant improvement over an activated noncharged neutral control compound. Their nucleophilicity in a stoichiometric SN2 reaction and catalytic performance in a urethane synthesis are evaluated along with three methods for rapidly evaluating the basicity of these species. That is, qualitative titrations in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 were carried out, two separate solution-state IR studies in CCl4 and CDCl3 are reported, and the proton affinities of the anionic components of the salts were computed. Charge differences between the anion and its protonated zwitterionic conjugate acid are evaluated along with the highest occupied molecular orbitals of the anions in relationship to some of the surprising reactivity findings that were observed in the two kinetic studies.
CAS No. : | 1692-25-7 | MDL No. : | MFCD00674177 |
Formula : | C5H6BNO2 | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | B(OH)2C5NH4 | InChI Key : | ABMYEXAYWZJVOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 122.92 | Pubchem ID : | 2734378 |
Synonyms : |
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Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319-H335 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
Pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (CAS: 1692-25-7) can be used in the preparation of Nilotinib (AMN-107) (CAS: 641571-10-0). Nilotinib, also known as AMN107, is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
74.6% | With (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride; potassium carbonate; In 1,4-dioxane; water; at 90℃; for 4h;Inert atmosphere; Green chemistry; | In a 250 mL three-necked flask,2,4-dichloropyrimidine (5.0 g, 33.56 mmol)Dissolved in 1,4-dioxaneAnd water (4: 1, 50 mL) A solution of 3-boronic acid pyridine (4.95 g, 40.27 mmol),Potassium carbonate (9.28 g, 67.12 mmol)And Pd (dppf) Cl2 (2.45 g, 3.36 mmol);The system was replaced with argon three times,Gradually heated to 90 C,Reaction for 4 hours;After the reaction, the system was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove most of the solvent,Ethyl acetate (150 mL)And water (100 mL),Extraction and separation,The aqueous phase was then extracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL)The organic phases were combined,Re-water (80 mL x 2) and saturateWashed with brine (80 mL x 2)Liquid separation,The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate for 3 hours,Filtration and concentration,Crude;The crude product was added petroleum ether (32 mL)And ethyl acetate (6 mL) were stirred for 1 hour,filter,Dried in vacuo to give 4.8 g of 2-chloro-4- (3-pyridyl) pyrimidine,The yield was 74.6%Purity HPLC was greater than 95%. |
73% | With sodium carbonate;bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; In tetrahydrofuran; water; for 16h;Heating; Reflux; Inert atmosphere; | Example 11 Preparation of 2-chloro-4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine[00106] Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen were placed a solution of pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (4.42 g, 36.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF/H2O (30 mL), a solution of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (5.40 g, 36.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF/H2O (30 mL), Na2CO3 (11.5 g, 108 mmol, 3.00 equiv) and PdCl2(PPh3)2 (1.80 g, 2.57 mmol, 0.06 equiv). The resulting solution was heated to reflux for 16 hrs in an oil bath. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 5x200 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, washed with 3x200 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1: 1). This resulted in 5 g (73%) of 2-chloro-4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine as a yellow solid. |
52% | With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; In 1,4-dioxane; for 14h;Reflux; Inert atmosphere; | General procedure: To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine (500 mg, 3.1 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethoxylphenylboronic acid (644 mg, 3.1 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (215 mg, 0.3 mmol) and 2M Na2CO3 (920 mg, 8.7 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at reflux for 14 h under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtrated. The filtrate was diluted with H2O (100 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc, and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, After filtration, the filtrate was evaporation and purified by chromatography (petroleum ether/ EtOAc, 5:1) to give the product as oil (700 mg, 73 %). |
With sodium carbonate;(1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride; In tetrahydrofuran; water; at 60℃; for 16h; | Step 1.Synthesis of 2-chloro-4-(3-pyridyl)pyrimidine nitrogen was bubbled through a solution of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (1 eq) in tetrahydrofuran and water (3:1) for 0.5 h. bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene Palladium(II)chloride (0.05 eq) followed by pyridine-3-boronic acid (1 eq) and sodium carbonate (3 eq) was added and the mixture was heated to 60 C. for 16 h under nitrogen.The reaction mixture was concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water.The organic layer was washed with brine and dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated.Purification on silica gel gave 2-chloro-4-(3-pyridyl)pyrimidine. MS: MH+=190. | |
With [1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(ll) dichloride; potassium carbonate; In 1,2-dimethoxyethane; water; at 100℃; for 1h; | 2-Chloro-4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine: Pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (263 mg, 2.14 mmol), PEPPSI - IPr (132 mg, 0.195 mmol), and potassium carbonate (2.4 ml of 2 M aqueous solution, 4.8 mmol) were added to 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (290 mg, 1 .95 mmol) in 1 ,2- dimethoxyethane (8 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 100 C for 1 h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in DCM and filtered. The filtrate was purified with silica gel chromatography (20% - 60% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield 150 mg, 40.2 % yield of the title compound. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) delta 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) delta 9.28 (br. s., 1 H), 8.79 (d, J = 3.92 Hz, 1 H), 8.73 (d, J = 5.09 Hz, 1 H), 8.46 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1 H), 7.72 (d, J = 5.29 Hz, 1 H), 7.49 (dd, 1 H). LCMS: tR = 0.47 min, 93%. MS m/z = 192 (M+H)+. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
86% | With caesium carbonate;dichloro(1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene)palladium(II)*CH2Cl2; In 1,4-dioxane; water; at 90℃; for 16h; | 6-Pyridin-3-ylpyrazin-2-amine An oven dried resealable Schlenk tube was charged with 6-chloropyrazin-2-amine (0.73 g, 5.71 mmol), 3-pyridineboronic acid (0.91 g, 7.42 mmol), dioxane (50 mL) and a 2M aqueous solution of cesium carbonate (8.5 mL, 17.13 mmol). The Schlenk tube was subjected to three cycles of evacuation-backfilling with argon, and 1 ,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(ll) dichloride dichloromethane complex (290mg, 0.35 mmol) was added. After three new cycles of evacuation-backfilling with argon, the Schlenk tube was capped and placed in a 9O0C oil bath. After 16h, the mixture was cooled, partitioned between water and ethyl acetate, the aqueous phase extracted twice with ethyl acetate, the organic layers washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (95:5 dichloromethane/methanol) to give the title compound (845 mg, 86percent) as a solid. delta 1H-NMR (CDCI3): 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.67 (d, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1 H), 7.41 (m, 1 H), 4.77 (s, 2H). ESI/MS (m/e, percent): 172 [(M+1)\\ C9H8N4]. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium carbonate;tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); In water; toluene; at 100℃; for 72h; | Reference Example 11 5-Bromo-2-iodobenzonitrile and 3-pyridylboric acid were dissolved in a mixture solution of aqueous 2 M sodium carbonate solution and toluene, then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium was added thereto, and the mixture was heated, stirred with heating in an argon atmosphere at 100C for 3 days to obtain 5-bromo-2-pyridin-3-ylbenzonitrile. EI: 258, 260. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
72% | With 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3-(2-oxo-2-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenylamino)ethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide; palladium diacetate; sodium hydroxide; In water; dimethyl sulfoxide; at 100℃; for 10h; | Pd(OAc)2 (35.00 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3-(2-oxo-2-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenylamino)ethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-iumbromide (96.00 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in 10 ml of DMSO : H2O,and 4-chloropyrimidin-2-amine (2.00 g, 15.43 mmol), NaOH (0.93 g, 23.15 mmol),pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (2.28 g, 18.5 mmol) were added. The mixture was heated to 100 oCand stirred for 10h. After cooling, the mixturewas poured into EtOAc (40.0 mL and washed with water (2 ×10.0 mL), brine (2 × 25.0 mL), then dried over MgSO4, evaporation ofthe solvent under reduced pressure provided the crude product, which waspurified by column chromatography (hexane : EtOAc = 1:1) afford product as off white solid 1.92 g, 11.15 mmol) in 72percent yield. 1HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO): delta 9.23(dd, J =1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.68 (dd, J1= 3.0 Hz, J2 = 1.8 Hz,1H), 8.41-8.35 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.20 (d, J1 = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (bs, 2H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): delta 163.8, 161.6, 159.4, 151.1, 148.0, 134.1,123.7, 106.0. HRMS(ESI) calcd. for C9H9N4 [M+H]+173.0827, found 173.0825. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
76% | With dichloro(1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene)palladium(II)*CH2Cl2; sodium carbonate; In water; acetonitrile; | A mixture of <strong>[1196155-38-0]2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinonitrile</strong> 1 (125 mg, 0.605 mmol), 3- pyridylboronic acid (90 mg, 0.738 mmol), 2M aq. Na2C03 solution (0.6 mL), and ACN (3 mL) was purged with nitrogen at RT for 3 min. [l, l '-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium(II) complex with DCM (1 : 1) (5 molpercent) was added, and the mixture heated at 100 °C for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified via silica gel chromatography to afford compound 2 (114 mg, 76percent) a as white solid. LCMS Mass: 250 (M++l). |
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