CAS No. :	149-91-7
Formula :	C₇H₆O₅
M.W :	170.12
SMILES Code :	OC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=C1O
Synonyms :	3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid; NSC 20103; HSDB 2117
MDL No. :	MFCD00002510

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:	P261-P305+P351+P338

CD14+ macrophages	25-75 μg/mL	12-24 hours	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of gallic acid on inflammatory responses in CD14+ macrophages. Results showed that gallic acid significantly reduced the secretion and expression of IL1β, IL6, and TNFα induced by live B. burgdorferi.	Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 20;23(19):10987.
HeLa cells	50 µg/mL	2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours	To study the gene expression profile of gallic acid-induced cell death process, finding early enrichment of ferroptosis-related pathways, followed by enrichment of apoptotic and lysosomal pathways, and later the enrichment of necroptosis-related pathways.	Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 18;11(1):16743.
BV2 cells (Microglial cell line)	5 µM and 10 µM	20 hours	PEGA inhibited NO, IL-6, and TNF release.	Molecules. 2022 Dec 10;27(24):8770.
PM (Peritoneal Macrophages)	5 µM and 10 µM	20 hours	PEGA efficiently inhibited NO and IL-6 release, but upregulated TNF release.	Molecules. 2022 Dec 10;27(24):8770.
SCIC (Spinal Cord Immune Cells)	5 µM and 10 µM	24 hours	PEGA significantly reduced the release of IL-17, IFN-γ, and NO, and decreased the proportion of OX40+ or CD25+ CD4+ cells.	Molecules. 2022 Dec 10;27(24):8770.
PLNC (Popliteal Lymph Node Cells)	5 µM and 10 µM	24 hours	PEGA inhibited MBP-induced release of IL-17 and IFN-γ, while increasing NO production.	Molecules. 2022 Dec 10;27(24):8770.
Pancreatic islet cells	400 µM (EC50 )	24 hours	To evaluate the antidiabetic effects of GA, results showed GA significantly reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation levels, increased FRAP and thiol levels, and improved β-cell function.	Molecules. 2020 Dec 11;25(24):5875.
Rat Embryonic Fibroblast (REF) cells	554.25 µM (EC50 )	24 hours	To assess the anti-aging properties of GA, results showed GA significantly decreased β-galactosidase activity, reduced inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers, and improved mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV activities.	Molecules. 2020 Dec 11;25(24):5875.
L-929 cells	18.75, 37.5, 75, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µM	24 hours	To assess the toxicity of gallic acid on normal cells, results showed no significant effects on L-929 cells.	Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Oct 16;24(20):15236.
MIA PaCa-2 cells	18.75, 37.5, 75, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µM	24 hours	To assess the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of gallic acid, results showed a concentration-dependent decline in cell viability.	Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Oct 16;24(20):15236.
PANC-1 cells	18.75, 37.5, 75, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µM	24 hours	To assess the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of gallic acid, results showed a concentration-dependent decline in cell viability.	Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Oct 16;24(20):15236.
Pancreatic islet cells	400 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the antidiabetic effects of GA, results showed GA significantly reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation levels, increased FRAP and thiol levels, and improved β-cell function.	Molecules. 2020 Dec 11;25(24):5875.
Rat Embryonic Fibroblast (REF) cells	554.25 µM	24 hours	To assess the anti-aging properties of GA, results showed GA significantly decreased β-galactosidase activity, reduced inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers, and improved mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV activities.	Molecules. 2020 Dec 11;25(24):5875.
Macrophage RAW264.7 cells	0.50, 1.00, 5.00 µM	24 hours	Investigate the inhibitory effect of gallic acid on PMA-induced ROS production. Results showed that 5.00 μM gallic acid significantly reduced ROS levels.	Molecules. 2016 Oct 12;21(10):1346.
Human iTreg cells	10 µM	48 hours	Gallic acid promotes FOXP3 degradation and induces Th1-like FOXP3lo Treg cells by repressing Usp21 gene transcription.	J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Jul;10(7):e004037.
Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs)	100 μg/mL	48 hours	Evaluate the cytotoxicity of GA on HCECs, results showed that 100 μg/mL GA did not affect cell viability within 48 hours	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022 Nov 1;63(12):12.
MCF7-6.4/12w cells (acid-adapted)	5–20 µM	48 hours	Inhibited MMP2, MMP9, and vimentin expression, partially restored E-cadherin expression, and reduced invasiveness	Nutrients. 2023 Aug 16;15(16):3596.
MCF7 breast cancer cells	5–100 µM	48 hours	High concentrations (>30 µM) significantly inhibited cell survival, while low concentrations (5–20 µM) reduced metastatic characteristics induced by acidic conditions	Nutrients. 2023 Aug 16;15(16):3596.
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells	50-200 μg/mL	48 hours	Inhibited IL-12p40 production and the expression of functional surface markers CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86	Molecules. 2015 Sep 10;20(9):16388-403.
RAW264.7 cells	1, 2.5, 5, 10 µM	48 hours	To evaluate the cytotoxicity of gallic acid on RAW264.7 cells, results showed no significant toxicity at concentrations up to 10 mM	Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Dec 19;13:963237.
Bone marrow monocytes (BMMs)	1, 2.5, 5, 10 µM	48 hours	To evaluate the cytotoxicity of gallic acid on BMMs, results showed no significant toxicity at concentrations up to 10 mM	Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Dec 19;13:963237.
Colletotrichum camelliae	1, 3, 5, 7 mg/mL	5-7 days	To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of gallic acid and its derivative methyl gallate against major pathogens of tea plants. Results showed that methyl gallate had greater antifungal activity than gallic acid at any treatment concentration against Colletotrichum camelliae.	Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 8;21(16):5684.
Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis	1, 3, 5, 7 mg/mL	5-7 days	To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of gallic acid and its derivative methyl gallate against major pathogens of tea plants. Results showed that with increasing concentration, the antifungal abilities of both GA and MG increased. Methyl gallate showed significantly higher inhibition than gallic acid at 3 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL concentrations against Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis.	Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 8;21(16):5684.
RAW264.7 cells	1, 2.5, 5, 10 µM	6 days	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of gallic acid on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, results showed a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclast formation	Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Dec 19;13:963237.
Bone marrow monocytes (BMMs)	1, 2.5, 5, 10 µM	6 days	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of gallic acid on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, results showed a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclast formation	Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Dec 19;13:963237.
RAW264.7 cells	100 μg/mL	8 hours and 24 hours	Evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of GA on RAW264.7 cells, results showed GA suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022 Nov 1;63(12):12.

C57BL/6J male mice	DSS-induced colitis model	Oral gavage	0.002%, 0.01%, 0.05% (low, moderate, high dose)	Once daily for 15 days	To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of gallic acid and its aminated metabolite on colitis. Results showed that both GA and 4-NH2-GA alleviated DSS-induced colitis symptoms, improved gut microbiota dysbiosis, and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirmed their anti-inflammatory activity was mediated by gut microbiota modulation.	mBio. 2024 Feb 14;15(2):e0275223
Zebrafish	Zebrafish embryos	Aqueous solution	0.1 mg/mL	24 hours	To evaluate the protective effect of FucA-GA on zebrafish embryos, results showed FucA-GA significantly increased embryo survival rate (~90%)	Mar Drugs. 2022 Jul 29;20(8):490
C57/BL6 mice	Ovariectomy model	Intraperitoneal injection	10 mg/kg	Every 2 days for 8 weeks	To evaluate the preventive effect of gallic acid on ovariectomy-induced bone loss, results showed significant improvement in bone microarchitecture parameters and reduction in osteoclast numbers	Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Dec 19;13:963237.
C57BL/6 mice	A. fumigatus keratitis model	Eye drops	100 μg/mL	3 times daily for 5 days	Evaluate the therapeutic effects of GA on A. fumigatus keratitis, results showed GA alleviated corneal inflammation and fungal load, and suppressed neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022 Nov 1;63(12):12.
C57BL6/J mice	High-fat diet-induced obesity model	Drinking water	2.6 or 20 mg/kg b.w./day	Once daily for 1 week	To investigate the protective effects of gallic acid against high-fat diet-induced DNA damage. Results showed that gallic acid reduced DNA damage and oxidation of DNA bases, and decreased levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers.	Eur J Nutr. 2019 Sep;58(6):2315-2326
Dark Agouti (DA) rats	Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)	Subcutaneous injection	20 mg/kg	Once daily for 9 days	PEGA significantly ameliorated the clinical signs of EAE, reduced cell infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord.	Molecules. 2022 Dec 10;27(24):8770.
C57BL/6J mice	MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma model	Intraperitoneal injection	5 mg/kg	Daily starting from day 7	Gallic acid enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy by inhibiting Usp21 expression, reducing FOXP3 and PD-L1 protein stability, and promoting tumor growth inhibition.	J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Jul;10(7):e004037.
Mice	High-fat diet-induced obese mouse model	Oral	70 mg/kg	200 μL per day for four weeks	Gallic acid treatment significantly decreased serum GPT, showing a potential improvement in liver damage. Additionally, gallic acid reduced fasting insulin levels and improved insulin resistance.	Molecules. 2022 Nov 9;27(22):7702

NCT03214276	Healthy	Not Applicable	Completed	-	-
NCT03485885	-		Completed	-	Germany ... More >> Nutritional CRO & Study site; BioTeSys GmbH Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, 73728 Less <<
NCT02273323	Vascular Function	Not Applicable	Completed	-	United Kingdom ... More >> Dept Clinical Pharmacology/CRF, St Thomas Hospital London, United Kingdom, SE1 7EH Less <<
NCT02532088	Prediabetes	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	September 2019	Malaysia ... More >> Seberang Jaya Hospital Not yet recruiting Seberang Jaya, Penang, Malaysia, 13700 Contact: Irene Looi, MRCP, FRCP irenelooi@yahoo.com Sub-Investigator: Hock Aun Ang, MRCP, FRCP Sub-Investigator: Irene Looi, MBBS Less <<
NCT02328339	Vascular Function	Not Applicable	Completed	-	-
NCT02273323	-		Completed	-	-
NCT01775384	Exercise-induced Inflammation ... More >> Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress Exercise-induced Immune Dysfunction Less <<	Not Applicable	Completed	-	United States, North Carolina ... More >> ASU Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States, 28081 Less <<
NCT02800967	Hypertension ... More >>Overweight Less <<	Not Applicable	Unknown	June 2017	Serbia ... More >> Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia, 11000 Less <<
NCT02532101	Uncontrolled Insulin-treated T... More >>ype 2 Diabetes Mellitus Less <<	Not Applicable	Terminated(Study was terminate... More >>d due to futility.) Less <<	-	Malaysia ... More >> Seberang Jaya Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang, Malaysia, 13700 Less <<
NCT02227615	Absorption; Chemicals	Not Applicable	Unknown	December 2017	United States, Texas ... More >> Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory (ESNL) in the Department of Health and Kinesiology at Texas A&M University College station, Texas, United States, 77845 Less <<
NCT02005939	Cardiovascular Risk Factors	Not Applicable	Completed	-	United Kingdom ... More >> Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH21 6UU Less <<

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CAS No.: 149-91-7

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CAS No.: 149-91-7

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Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed