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Azapeptides with unique covalent warheads as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors
Kaustav Khatua ; Yugendar R. Alugubelli ; Kai S. Yang , et al. Antivir. Res.,2024,225,105874. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105874
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Abstract: The main protease (MPro) of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is a pivotal nonstructural protein critical for viral replication and pathogenesis. Its protease function relies on three active site pockets for substrate recognition and a catalytic cysteine for enzymatic activity. To develop potential SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, we successfully synthesized a diverse range of azapeptide inhibitors with various covalent warheads to target MPro's catalytic cysteine. Our characterization identified potent MPro inhibitors, including MPI89 that features an aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead with a remarkable EC50 value of 10 nM against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2+ A549 cells and a selective index of 875. MPI89 is also remarkably selective and shows no potency against SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease and several human proteases. Crystallography analyses demonstrated that these inhibitors covalently engaged the catalytic cysteine and used the aza-amide carbonyl oxygen to bind to the oxyanion hole. MPI89 stands as one of the most potent MPro inhibitors, suggesting the potential for further exploration of azapeptides and the aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead for developing effective therapeutics against COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Main protease ; Azapeptide ; Covalent inhibitor
Purchased from AmBeed: 371-41-5 ; 1187431-43-1 ; 60-00-4 ; 3483-12-3
CAS No. : | 371-41-5 | MDL No. : | MFCD00002316 |
Formula : | C6H5FO | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | - | InChI Key : | RHMPLDJJXGPMEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 112.10 | Pubchem ID : | 9732 |
Synonyms : |
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Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H315-H319-H335 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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With potassium carbonate; In N-methyl-acetamide; | Example 1 A specific procedure for the synthesis of: N-[(4-fluoro)-5-phenoxythien-2-yl]methanesulfonamide (1) STR10 <strong>[13195-50-1]2-Nitro-5-bromothiophene</strong> (2.97 g, 14.2 mmol) was dissolved in dimethyl-formamide (40 mL). To this was added 4-fluorophenol (1.59 g, 14.2 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.92 g, 28.4 mmol). This was stirred at 70° C. for 5 hours after which time the mix was poured into water and the crude solid was filtered and washed with water to give 2-Nitro-5(4-fluoro)phenoxythiophene 2.67 g (78percent), mp=69°-70° C. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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With di-isopropyl azodicarboxylate; triphenylphosphine; In toluene; at 0 - 20℃;Inert atmosphere; | Preparation of intermediate EV A solution of DIAD (0.74 mL, 3.75 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was added to a solution of 6-oxo-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane-2-carboxylate (CAS [1147557-97-8], 0.8 g, 3.75 mmol), 4-fluorophenol (0.421 g, 3.75 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.48 g, 5.63 mmol) in toluene (35 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly overnight. Additional 4-fluorophenol (0.21 g, 1.88 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred further at room temperature for 3d. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, then dissolved in a minimum of diethyl ether and cooled to 0 °C. A large excess of heptane was added and the resulting mixture was evaporated under vacuum which induced the precipitation of PPh30, which was filtered off and washed with diethyl ether. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and purified by preparative LC (irregular SiOH, 15-40 muiotaeta, 40 g, Grace, dry loading (silica), mobile phase gradient: Heptane/EtOAc from 90/10 to 50/50) to give 1.07 g of intermediate EV as a yellow solid (not obtained pure but engaged as such in the next step). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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83.13% | With potassium carbonate; In acetone; for 4h;Reflux; | General procedure: To a solution of various substituted phenols (1 mmol) in dry acetone (30 mL) K2CO3 (1 mmol)and compound 3 or 4 (1 mmol) were added. After being stirred for 4 h at reflux temperature, thereaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Then the residue was dilutedwith 30 mL ethyl acetate and sequentially washed with 30 mL 1 M HCl, aq. NaHCO3 solution andbrine in order. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of theresidue by chromatography on silica gel furnished target compounds. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and massspectroscopy (MS) of compounds 5a-m and 6a-m are shown in Supplementary Materials. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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56% | With potassium fluoride; In acetone; at 0℃; for 0.5h; | In a 50 ml reactor, 7 g of <strong>[1835-65-0]tetrafluorophthalonitrile</strong>,2.25 g of potassium fluoride and 30 g of acetone were added and stirred at 0 ° C. A solution prepared by mixing 3.9 g of 4-fluorophenol with 5 g of acetone was dropped there, and kept at 0 ° C. for 30 minutes.After raising the temperature to 25 ° C., the reaction solution is suction filtered.The solvent was distilled off from the filtrate under reduced pressure, and then crystallization was performed by adding methanol.The crystallized material is collected by filtration and then dried under reduced pressure.5.72 g (yield 56 molpercent based on <strong>[1835-65-0]tetrafluorophthalonitrile</strong>) of 4- (4-fluorophenoxy) -3,5,6-trifluorophthalonitrile was obtained.5 g of 4- (4-fluorophenoxy) -3,5,6-trifluorophthalonitrile thus obtained,2.61 g of potassium carbonate, 1.56 g of ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 50 g of acetonitrile were charged into a 100 ml reactor and reacted at 80 ° C. for 2 hours.Thereafter, 3.84 g of 4-fluorophenol and 5.21 g of potassium carbonate were further added, and reacted at 80 ° C. for about 7 hours.The reaction solution is filtered while hot to remove inorganic components,The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure from the filtrate to obtain 9.21 g of phthalonitrile mixture (A) (yield: 98 molpercent based on 4- (4-fluorophenoxy) -3,5,6-trifluorophthalonitrile). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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86% | With potassium carbonate; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 100℃; for 12h; | Dissolve <strong>[52092-47-4]2-nitro-5-chloropyridine</strong> (3.17g, 20mmol), p-fluorophenol (2.24g, 20mmol), and potassium carbonate (4.14g, 30mmol) in 50mL of DMF solution. The reaction was carried out at 100 C for 12 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, and 100 mL of ice water was added and stirred. A solid precipitated out, filtered with suction, washed with water, and dried.The target compound was obtained (brown solid, 4.03 g, yield: 86%). |